Med Surg Tips Flashcards
Hypoglycemia Signs:
TIRED
Tachycardia
Irritability
Restlessness
Excessive hunger
Depression and diaphoresis
Hypocalcaemia Signs and Symptoms:
CATS
Convulsions
Arrhythmias
Tetany
Stridor and spasms
Hypokalemia Signs and Symptoms:
6 Ls
Lethargy
Leg cramps
Limp muscles
Low, shallow respirations
Lethal cardiac dysrhythmias
Lots of urine (polyuria)
Hypoxia
early signs:
late signs:
Early: RAT
Restlessness
Anxiety
Tachycardia and tachypnea
Late: BED
Bradycardia
Extreme restlessness
Dyspnea
What are the s/s of dumping syndrome?
(inability of pyloric sphincter to control the movement of food into the small intestine)
- Nausea, distention, cramping pains, and diarrhea within 15 min after eating.
- Weakness, dizziness, a rapid heartbeat, and hypoglycemia may occur.
What are some nursing interventions/things to avoid dumping syndrome? (5)
- Small, frequent meals are indicated
- Consumption of protein and fat at each meal is indicated
- Avoid concentrated sugars
- Restrict lactose intake
- Consume liquids 1 hr before or after eating instead of with meals (a dry diet).
A ___ fiber diet may prevent diverticulitis, but a ___ fiber diet is prescribed during acute diverticulitis
- High-fiber for prevention: produces stools that are easily passed and thus decreasing pressure within the colon
- Low-fiber: in order to reduce bowel stimulation
What are some foods that will stimulate the gallbladder (things to avoid with cholecystitis)
fat intake should be limited, avoid coffee, broccoli, cauliflower, Brussel sprouts, cabbage, onions, legumes, an highly seasoned foods
What is ARF? What causes it?
Acute Renal Failure: an abrupt decline in renal function
Causes: trauma, sepsis, poor perfusion, or meds
What are some s/s of ARF? (4)
Hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia
What is pre-ESRD? Characterized by…
Pre-End Stage Renal Disease
diminished renal reserve/renal insufficiency
-predialysis condition characterized by an increase in serum creatinine
What are the goals of nutritional therapy for ESRD?
- Help preserve remaining renal function by limiting the intake of protein** and phosphorus
- Control blood glucose levels and hypertension (both risk factors)
- Limit meat intake
- Limit dairy products
- Restrict sodium (to maintain BP)
- only take vitamin supplements when told to by Dr
What are some high-phosphorous foods?
peanut butter, dried peas and beans, bran, cola, chocolate, beer, and some whole grains
What is ESRD?
End Stage Renal Disease (aka chronic renal failure)
-occurs when the GFR is less than 25 mL/min, creatinine level steadily rises, or dialysis or transplantation is required
What is the goal of nutritional therapy for ESRD? How do we achieve this goal?
to maintain appropriate fluid status, BP, and blood chemistries
- High protein, low phosphorus, low potassium, low sodium, fluid restrictions
- Calcium and vit D are nutrients of concern
Why should protein be increased with ESRD? What else should you take due to the increased protein?
only once dialysis has begun because protein and amino acids are lost in the dialysate
-phosphate binders must be taken with all meals because high protein leads to an increase in phosphorus intake
ESRD alters the metabolism of ___, ____, and ____ and leads to ____, _____, and _____
calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium
-hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia (bc phos foods are restricted and those foods usually have calcium), and hypermagnesium
What is nephrotic syndrome?
results in serum proteins leaking into the urine
What are the goals of nutritional therapy for nephrotic syndrome?
to minimize edema, replace lost nutrients, and minimize permanent renal damage
-sufficient protein and low sodium intake
What is nephrolithiasis? How do you treat it?
kidney stones
increasing fluid consumption is the primary intervention for tx and prevention of renal calculi
What increases your risk of nephrolithiasis formation?
excessive intake of protein, sodium, calcium, and oxalates (rhubarb, spinach, beets)
What are the 4 Es of angina?
Exertion
Eating
Emotional Stress
Extreme Temperatures
What is the treatment for CHF?
MADD DOG Morphine Aminophylline Digoxin Dopamine Diuretics Oxygen Gasses: Monitor arterial blood gasses
APE To MAn What are the locations?
Aortic: 2nd right intercostal space Pulmonic: 2nd left intercostal space Erb’s Point: 3rd left intercostal space Tricuspid: 4th left intercostal space Mitral or Apex: 5th left intercostal space