Question 1

Islets of Langerhans

Accepted Answer

hormone secreting portion of pancreas alpha & beta cells

Question 2

alpha cells

Accepted Answer

Alpha cells: produce Glucagon in response to low blood glucose levels

Question 3

beta cells

Accepted Answer

Beta cells: produce Insulin in response to high blood glucose-

Question 4

insulin facilitates

Accepted Answer

glucose metabolism, glucose transport across cell membranes, and synthesis and storage of glucose, fats, and proteins

Question 5

Glucagon

Accepted Answer

Glukegone hormone to increase blood sugar level. When low sugar, protein ingestion, and exercise

Question 6

Glycogen

Accepted Answer

storage of glucose in liver

Question 7

Insulin function

Accepted Answer

transport glucose into cell and incorporate into protein in muscle, glycogen in liver, and fat trigliceride to adipose tissue. Fat(/adipose /’edapous/ tissue), glycogen, and protein are the three format of energy storage in human body.

Question 8

counter regulatory hormones to insulin

Accepted Answer

: glucagon, epinephrine, growth hormone, and cortisol...raise blood glucose levels

Question 9

counter regulatory hormones (of insulin)

Accepted Answer

Respond to a decline in blood glucose level during fasting or overnight Stimulate lipolysis, gluconeogenesis, and glycogenolysis processes

Question 10

Gluconeogenesis

Accepted Answer

Gluconeogenesis is the process of synthesizing glucose in the body from non-carbohydrate sources such as protein and fat.

Question 11

Blycogenolysis

Accepted Answer

Blycogenolysis - is the breakdown of glycogen to glucose.

Question 12

Lypolysis

Accepted Answer

Lipolysis: break down of lipid (fatty tissues) to fatty acid and glycerol.

Question 13

Diabetes Mellitus (DM)

Accepted Answer

A chronic multisystem disease related to Abnormal insulin production Impaired insulin utilization Or both

Question 14

abnormal insulin production in

Accepted Answer

D1 and D2; insulin resistance due to fatigue/B cell defect

Question 15

Pancreas of DM type 1

Accepted Answer

Autoimmune destruction of B cells Autoantibodies present for months/years before clinical symptoms No production of insulin

Question 16

Pancreas of DM type 2

Accepted Answer

Defective B cell insulin secretion Insulin resistance stimulates insulin secretion Eventually exhausting B cells

Question 17

Liver of DM type 2

Accepted Answer

Excess glucose production. Inapprpriate regulation of glucose production

Question 18

Adipose tissue of DM type 2

Accepted Answer

Decrease in Adiponectin and Increase in Leptin: results in altered glucose and fat metabolism

Question 19

Muscle tissue of DM type 2

Accepted Answer

Defective insulin receptors Insulin resistant Decreased uptake of glucose results in hyperglycemia

Question 20

all you really need to know is that DM2 involves...

Accepted Answer

metabolic problems in muscle, liver (glucose higher), and adipose tissue (high cholesterol)

Question 21

TYPE 1 DM

Accepted Answer

Autoimmune disease, peak onset by 20 years old Insulin dependent Rapid & Acute Classic symptoms: Polyuria, Polydipsia, Polyphagia Others: weight loss, weakness, fatigue

Question 22

TYPE 2 DM

Accepted Answer

Major contributor for heart, renal disease, and stroke Associated with metabolic syndrom Asymptomatic in the early stage May have classic symptoms of type 1 Nonspecific symptoms are common: fatigue, prolonged wound healing, visual changes

Question 23

metabolic syndrome characterized by

Accepted Answer

- Insulin resistance, elevated insulin levels - ↑ triglycerides & Low-density lipoproteins, ↓High-density lipoproteins - Hypertension

Question 24

HDL

Accepted Answer

removes excess cholesterol from the body

Question 25

Excessive LDL

Accepted Answer

LDL builds up on arterial walls and hardens to create plaque, constricting flow and contributing to heart disease.

Question 26

Triglyceride

Accepted Answer

storage of fat for energy use

Question 27

Cholesterol

Accepted Answer

for construction of cell and hormone

Question 28

HDL for

Accepted Answer

transportation

Question 29

Hyperglycemia causes a diabetic to produce

Accepted Answer

a high volume of glucose containing urine

Question 30

other types of DM

Accepted Answer

prediabetes gestational secondary

Question 31

prediabetes

Accepted Answer

Blood glucose levels are at borderlines No symptom but damages may already occurred Healthy eating, healthy weight, regular exercise, and monitoring blood glucose and symptoms can reduce the risk of DM

Question 32

Impaired fasting glucose (IFG)

Accepted Answer

between 100 -125 mg/dl

Question 33

to diagnose diabetes, fasting glucose needs

Accepted Answer

tested twice at more than 126 mg/dl

Question 34

Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT)

Accepted Answer

2 hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) level between 140 -199mg/dl

Question 35

Diagnostics for DIABETES

Accepted Answer

HbA1C ≥ 6.5% FG level ≥126 mg/dl OGTT: Two-hour plasma glucose level ≥ 200 mg/dl Random plasma glucose ≥ 200 mg/dl plus symptoms

Question 36

normal HBA1c

Accepted Answer

glycosylated hemoglobin. 4-6%

Question 37

prediabetes HbA1C

Accepted Answer

5.7-6.4%

Question 38

Oral contraceptives

Accepted Answer

could elevate OGTT

Question 39

prediabetes FG

Accepted Answer

100-125 mg/dl

Question 40

prediabetes OGTT

Accepted Answer

140-199 mg/dl

Question 41

collaborative care of diabetes

Accepted Answer

medication Nutritional therapy Self-monitoring blood glucose Exercise

Question 42

Insulin Bolus

Accepted Answer

given before meals Rapid acting or short acting

Question 43

Rapid Acting Insulin

Accepted Answer

``` Lispro (Humalog), aspart (NovoLog), glulisine (Apidra) Injected 0 to 15 minutes before meal Onset of action 15 minutes ```

Question 44

Short Acting Insulin

Accepted Answer

ie REGULAR insulin Regular (Humulin R, Novolin R) Injected 30 to 45 minutes before meal Onset of action 30 to 60 minutes

Question 45

BASAL Insulin

Accepted Answer

Basal – control glucose level between meals and overnights Intermediate or long acting

Question 46

Basal insulins

Accepted Answer

Basal – control glucose level between meals and overnights Intermediate-acting: NPH (Humulin N, Novolin N) Has a peak which can result in hypoglycemia Long-acting: Glargine (Lantus) and Detemir (Levemir) Injected once a day at bedtime or in the morning Released steadily and continuously Has no peak action thus decrease risk of hypoglycemia Do not physically mixed with any other insulin or solution

Question 47

Intermediate acting insulin

Accepted Answer

NPH (Humulin N, Novolin N) Has a peak which can result in hypoglycemia

Question 48

Long-acting insulin

Accepted Answer

Glargine (Lantus) and Detemir (Levemir

Question 49

Long acting insulins Lantus and Levemir for Basal

Accepted Answer

Injected once a day at bedtime or in the morning Released steadily and continuously Has no peak action thus decrease risk of hypoglycemia Do not physically mixed with any other insulin or solution

Question 50

NPH appearance

Accepted Answer

is cloudy

Question 51

Rapid Acting times

Accepted Answer

onset: 10-30min peak: 30min-3 hrs duration: 3-5hr

Question 52

Rapid Acting names

Accepted Answer

lispro Humalog aspart NovoLog gluslisine Apidra

Question 53

Short Acting times

Accepted Answer

onset: 30-60min peak: 2-5 hr duration: 5-8 hr

Question 54

Short Acting names

Accepted Answer

Regular: Humulin R Novolin R

Question 55

Intermediate acting times

Accepted Answer

onset: 1.5-4hr peak 4-12 hr duration 12-18 hr

Question 56

Intermediate names

Accepted Answer

NPH: Humulin N, Novolin N

Question 57

Long acting names

Accepted Answer

glargine Lantus detemir Levemir

Question 58

Long acting times

Accepted Answer

onset: .8 -4hr peak: no pronounced peak duration: 24 plus hours

Question 59

mixing insulins

Accepted Answer

Mixing insulins: always withdraw Regular insulin first then NPH

Question 60

combination insulin therapy

Accepted Answer

Short- or rapid-acting combined with intermediate-acting or long-acting insulin to provide basal-bolus coverage There are commercially premixed formula available: 70/30, 75/25, 50/50

Question 61

The client with type I diabetes mellitus is taught to take NPH (Humulin N) at 5 pm. each day. The client should be instructed that the greatest risk of hypoglycemia will occur at about what time?

Accepted Answer

1 am, while sleeping

Question 62

Insulin storage (4 points)

Accepted Answer

- Do not heat/freeze, extra insulin should be refrigerated - In-use vials may be left at room temperature up to 4 weeks - Avoid exposure to direct sunlight - Vials or prefilled syringes should be generally rolled between the palms before injection

Question 63

what size syringe to use for insulin?

Accepted Answer

0.3 or 0.5 ml syringe

Question 64

How long to leave syringe in place after injection?

Accepted Answer

5 seconds

Med Surg - Exam3- Mandy- ch49 lecture Flashcards

KNOW EVERYTHING!!!

Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Med Surg - Exam3- Mandy- ch49 lecture Flashcards

KNOW EVERYTHING!!!

Brainscape's Knowledge Genome^TM