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Fluid And Electrolytes Ch 16 > Med Surg > Flashcards

Med Surg Flashcards

1
Q

____ is the movement of water that goes from a dilute to concentrated

A

Osmosis

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2
Q

_____ _____ is the process by which dissolved substances move from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration through a semipermeable membrane.

A

Passive diffusion.

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3
Q

_____ ____ process of a carrier in which certain dissolved substances require the assistance of a carrier molecule to pass from one side of a cellular membrane to the other.

A

Facilitated diffusion

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4
Q

____ spacing is the normal distribution of body fluids

A

1st spacing

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5
Q

___ spacing is dependent edema

A

2nd spacing

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6
Q

___ spacing is fluid is in a space where it does you no good

Ex is asites

A

Third spacing

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7
Q

What’s the normal value for Na

A

135-145 mEq

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8
Q

What’s the normal value mg

A

1.3-2.1mEq/dl

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9
Q

What’s the normal range for K

A

3.5-5.0 mEq

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10
Q

What’s the normal range for Ca

A

9-11 mg/dl

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11
Q

______ (fluid volume deficit) refers to a low volume of extracellular fluid.

A

Hypovolemia

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12
Q

Lethargic, depressed, difficulty swallowing, or diarrhea is signs, eats food poorly, require assistance to drink Bc of weakness, paralysis, or limited range of motion and symptoms of

A

Hypovolemia

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13
Q

_____ results when the volume of body fluid is significantly reduced in both extracellular and intracellular compartments

A

Dehydration

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14
Q

What’s the most common fluid imbalance in older adults

A

Dehydration

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15
Q

Use of diuretics, laxatives, or enemas may also deplete fluid volume in older adults. Chronic fluid volume deficit can lead to other problems such as electrolyte imbalances.

A

Know

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16
Q

____ (fluid volume excess) means there is a high volume of water in the intravascular fluid compartment

A

Hypervolemia

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17
Q

Hypervolemia can result to circulatory overload. A fluid volume that exceeds what is normal for the intravascular space and can potentially compromise cardiopulmonary function

A

Know

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18
Q

Signs of ____ is weight gain, elevated BP, increased breathing effort.

A

Hypervolemia

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19
Q

_____ edema, intentions in the skin after compression

A

Pitting

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20
Q

__ edema is edema in body areas most affected by gravity such as the feet, ankles, sacrum, or buttocks

A

Dependent

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21
Q

In _____ the blood cell count and hematocrit level are low as a result of hemodilution. The urine specific gravity is also low reflecting the larger proportion of water

A

Hypervolemia

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22
Q

____ is a reduced ratio of blood components to watery plasma

A

Hemodilution

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23
Q

What’s the main cause of metabolic acidosis

A

Diabetic ketoacidosis

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24
Q

Causes of ______ ______ is rapid decrease in extracellular volume, loss of hydrogen, and chloride ions.

A

Metabolic alkalosis

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25
Q

Cause of ___ ___ is from a carbonic acid deficit when rapid breathing releases more CO2 with expired air

A

Respiratory alkalosis

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26
Q

Causes of _____ _____ is excess carbonic acid. Causes blood pH to drop below 7.34

A

Respiratory acidosis

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27
Q

When you have a high K what will stand out on the ECG

A

Tall tented T wave

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28
Q

Normally there will be no U wave in ECG. Unless with low K

A

Know

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29
Q

A high CO2= a low level of consciousness

A high CO2= a low O2

A

Know

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30
Q

___ is fluid equal with cell

A

Isotonic

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31
Q

_____ is solute concentration increased outside of the cell

A

Hypertonic

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32
Q

___ are large sized substances that can attract water

A

Colloids

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33
Q

Most common type of shock

A

Hypovolemic

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34
Q

Signs and symptoms of shock

A 
Increased RR & tachycardia 
Low BP
Anxious
Pallor
Oliguria 
Clammy
Pulse is fast and thready
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35
Q

What position should you put someone in for low BP

A

Trendelenburg

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36
Q

Sodium level is totally dependent on fluid in body

A

Know

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37
Q

___ is the most abundant extracellular fluid

A

Sodium

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38
Q

___ is the most abundant intracellular

A

K

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39
Q

___ is substances that release Hydrogen into fluid

A

Acid

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40
Q

____ is a liquid in which substances are dissolved

A

Solvent

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41
Q

Water

  1. Universal solvent
  2. Transport median
  3. Assists in metabolic reactions
A

Know

42
Q

_____ ____ is fluid between cells outside of blood vessels

A

Interstitial fluid

43
Q

Water within cells

A

Intracellular fluid

44
Q

Water outside cells

A

Extracellular fluid

45
Q

___ ____ is energy source requires ATP to drive from a low to high concentration

A

Active transport

46
Q

____ is fluid dissolved in substances removed from a higher to lower concentration

A

Filtration

47
Q

Third spacing is associated with loss of colloids, may accompany hypoalbuminemia or burns or severe allergic reactions.

A

Know

48
Q

What element is chief cation

A

Sodium

49
Q

___ is a positively charged electrolyte in extracellular fluid and is essential for maintaining Normal nerve and muscle activity

A

Cation

50
Q

What’s the drugs given for shock?

A

2 IV large bore 18-20g

Oxygen and blood

51
Q

What do osmoreceptors do

A

Trigger thirst receptors

52
Q

Second spacing examples

A

Pedal edema

53
Q

_______-_____ _____ ____ is a series of chemicals released to increase both BP and blood volume

A

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

54
Q

Angiotensin raises BP

A

Know

55
Q

___ ___ is hormone like substances that act in opposite to the renin angiotensin aldosterone system.

A

Natriuretic peptides

56
Q

_____ ____ is a general term describing any of several conditions in which the body’s water is not in the proper volume or location

A

Fluid imbalance

57
Q

What lab determines the severity of CHF less than 100

A

BMP

58
Q

Fluid volume is regulated primarily by the excretion of water in the form of urine and the promotion of thirst. This is regulated by the HYPOTHALAMUS

A

Know

59
Q

____ ____ or concentration of substances in blood.

A

Serum osmolality

60
Q

_____ are stretch receptors in the aortic arch and carotid sinus that sjgnal the brain to release ADH when blood volume decreased by 10%

A

Baroreceptors

61
Q

______ is dilution- to much H2O not enough Na

A

Hyponatremia

62
Q

Causes of ____ is diaphoresis, excessive ingestion of plain water or admin of nonelectrolyte fluids. Profuse dieuresis, loss of GI secretions, prolonged vomiting, GI suctioning and Addison’s disease

A

Hyponatremia

63
Q

_____ -dehydration. Excess sodium in blood

A

Hypernatremia

64
Q

Causes of ____ is profuse watery diarrhea, excessive salt intake without sufficient water intake, high fever, deceased water intake

A

Hypernatremia

65
Q

____ results in thirst, dry sticky membranes, decreased urine output, lethargy can progress to coma

Treatment is oral admin of water or IV hypotonic solution

A

Hypernatremia

66
Q

If sodium is high potassium is low

A

Know

67
Q

Cardiac arrhythmia can happen if on digitalis

A

Know

68
Q

causes ____ lasix, edecrin, hydrochlorothiazide contribute. Loss of fluid from GI, Vomiting diarrhea, draining intestinal fistula, large dose of steroids, IV of insulin

A

Hypokalemia

69
Q

____ causes fatigue? Weakness, anorexia, nausea, vomiting cardiac arrhythmias

A

Hypokalemia

70
Q

Good sources of potassium?

A

Bananas and cantaloupe

71
Q

____ can occur with severe renal failure. Symptoms are diarrhea, nausea, muscle weakness, paresthesisas, and cardiac arrhythmia… causes unique ECG waves

A

Hyperkalemia

72
Q

Potassium is excreted by the

A

Kidneys

73
Q

If IV potassium is ordered it must be diluted with an IV solution and administered at a rate below 10meq/hr

A

Know

74
Q

Causes of _____ is vitamin d deficiency, hyperparathyroidism, severe burns, acute pancreatitis, certain drugs like steroids, rapid admin of blood, intestinal malabsorption disorders, accidentally removal of parathyroid

A

Hypocalcemia

75
Q

____ is evidenced by tingling of extremities and around mouth, muscle and abdominal cramps, positive chvosteks sign, tetany (muscle twitching)

A

Hypocalcemia

76
Q

What is tetany

A

Muscle twitching

77
Q

Trousseau sign is carpoedal spasms

A

Know

78
Q

___ is caused from a pathological fracture. Causes deep bone pain, constipation, polyuria, promotes formation of kidney stones

A

Hypercalcemia

79
Q

___ is found in bone cells and specialized cells of heart, liver, and skeletal muscles. Involved in transmission of nerve impulses and muscle excitability and activated several enzyme systems

A

Magnesium

80
Q

Conditions that can cause __ is chronic alcoholism, diabetic ketoacidosis, severe burns, severe renal disease,

A

Hypomagnesemia

81
Q

Magnesium rich foods

A

Green leafy veggies and whole grains

82
Q

_____ can be a consequence of renal failure, Addison’s disease, excessive use of antacids or laxatives and hyperparathyroidism

A

Hypermagnesemia

83
Q

____ is excessive accumulation of bases or loss of acid in body fluids

A

Alkalosis

84
Q

cardiac arrest and lactic acid evaluation means acidosis

A

Know

85
Q

_____ symptoms are flushing, hypotension, bradycardia, decreased RR

A

Hypermagnesemia

86
Q

_____ ____ is a compensatory mechanism to rid the body of CO2 and this orebent carbonic acid from forming

A

Kussmauls breathing

87
Q

The major chemical regulator of plasma Ph is bicarbonate carbonic acid buffer system

A

Know

88
Q

___ is a life threatening condition that occurs when arterial blood flow and oxygen delivery to tissues and cels are inadequate.
Causes
1. Blood volume decreases
2. The heart fails as an effective pump
3. Peripheral blood vessels massively dilate

A

Shock

89
Q

____ is most common type of shock the volume of extracellular fluid is significantly diminished primarily because of loss of blood or plasma

A

Hypovolemic hemorrhage shock

90
Q

___ shock is sometimes called normovolemic shock Bc the amount of fluid in the circulatory system is not reduced yet the fluid doesn’t permit effective tissue perfusion

A

Distributive shock

91
Q

___ shock is the rarest type of shock, results from injury that affect the vasomotor center in the medulla of the brain or the peripheral nerves they extent from spinal cord to blood vessels

A

Neurogenic shock

92
Q

_____ shock is the highest mortality rate. Associated with overwhelming bacteria infections

A

Septic shock

93
Q

____ _____ ___ ____ an Inflammatory state without proven source of infection

A

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome

94
Q

____ ____ ____ ____ is a complication of overwhelming inflammation that results in massive cellular, tissue, and organ injury

A

Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome

95
Q

Septic shock occurs mostly in clients with gram neg bacteria, E. coli, species of pseudomonas and gram positive resistant staphylococcus and strep species

A

Know

96
Q

____ are harmful chemicals released by bacterial cells. Prob major cause of septic shock

A

Endotoxins

97
Q

____ shock is a severe allergic reaction

A

Anaphylactic shock

98
Q

___ shock is when there is interference with the circulation of blood into and out of the heart, compromising the volume of blood that enters and leaves the heart an route to the lungs and tissue

A

Obstructive shock

99
Q

____ shock is heart contraction is ineffective and reduces cardiac output

A

Cardiogenic shock

100
Q

WhT is the leading cause of cardiogenic shock

A

MI

Fluid And Electrolytes Ch 16 (1 decks)

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