Med Sci Exam Flashcards
Study
Monosaccharide examples
Glucose, fructose, galactose
4 components of digestion
Ingestion, digestion (mechanical and chemical), absorption, elimination.
Balanced Diet - components and macronutrient breakdown
Carbohydrates, proteins, fats (macronutrients), vitamins, minerals, fiber, water (micronutrients)
Protein functions
Growth, repair, enzymes, hormones, antibodies
Macromolecule indicators (from lab)
Benedict’s solution (carbohydrates), Biuret reagent (proteins), Sudan IV (lipids).
Cholesterol levels
High levels increase cardiovascular disease risk
Types of food additives
Preservatives, colorings, flavor enhancers, stabilizers
Saturated vs unsaturated fats
Saturated (solid at room temp, animal sources), unsaturated (liquid at room temp, plant sources).
Carbohydrates - general and complex vs simple
Carbohydrates include sugars, starches, fibers. Complex (starches) vs simple (sugars)
Lipids
Fats and oils; energy storage, insulation, cell membranes.
BMI vs BMR
BMI (Body Mass Index) measures body fat based on height and weight; BMR (Basal Metabolic Rate) measures energy expenditure at rest
Vitamin deficiencies (main ones)
Vitamin A, B-complex, C, D, E, K
Definition of a food calorie
Measure of energy in food
First and second lines of defense in immune system
First line (physical barriers like skin, mucous membranes), second line (non-specific immune responses like inflammation, phagocytes).
Herd immunity
Resistance to disease within a population due to high vaccination rates.
Antibiotic resistance
Ability of bacteria to resist antibiotic treatment
Types of disease transmission
Direct (person to person), indirect (via vectors or fomites)
Viruses
Infectious agents requiring a host cell for replication.
Lytic vs lysogenic cycle
Lytic (immediate host cell destruction), lysogenic (viral DNA integrates into host DNA).
Types of vaccines and how they work (general)
Live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, mRNA; train immune system to recognize and fight pathogens.
Names of bacteria - how to classify based on shapes
Cocci (spherical), bacilli (rod-shaped), spirilla (spiral-shaped).
Bacterial reproduction - asexual vs sexual
Asexual (binary fission), sexual (conjugation).
Gram staining
Method to classify bacteria based on cell wall structure.
Sterilization techniques
Heat, chemicals, radiation.
Horseshoe crab blood uses:
Detecting bacterial endotoxins in medical applications.
Antivirals
Drugs that inhibit viral replication.
Focus of Public Health
Prevention of disease, promotion of health in populations.
HIV
Human Immunodeficiency Virus; causes AIDS.
Chronic vs acute diseases
Chronic (long-lasting), acute (short-term).
Epidemiology
Study of disease distribution and control in populations.
Susceptible populations
Groups vulnerable to disease due to factors like age or health status.
Neonatal abstinence syndrome
Withdrawal symptoms in newborns exposed to drugs in utero.
Superbugs
Bacteria resistant to multiple antibiotics.
Drug users in Canada
Issues related to addiction, harm reduction, and public health policies
Macro and micro-environmental factors of Public Health
Macro (socioeconomic status, infrastructure), micro (individual behaviors, genetics).
Lyme disease
Tick-borne bacterial infection.
Vital signs
Measurements of body functions (e.g., heart rate, blood pressure, temperature).
Homeostasis
Maintenance of internal stability despite external changes.
Types of blood cells
Red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), platelets (thrombocytes).
Circulatory diseases
Conditions affecting the heart and blood vessels.
Subcategories of medical technology
Imaging (MRI, CT), diagnostics (blood tests), therapeutic (surgery, radiation therapy).
Blood pressure
Force of blood against artery walls; measured as systolic/diastolic
Classifications of risk for medical devices
Class I (low risk), Class II (moderate risk), Class III (high risk)
Medical imaging devices
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), CT (computed tomography)
Information technology
Use of computers and software in healthcare.
Radiology
Medical specialty using imaging to diagnose and treat diseases
MRI vs CT scans
MRI (uses magnetic fields and radio waves), CT (uses X-rays); both for imaging internal body structures.
RNA and DNA
Nucleic acids; RNA (single-stranded, transcribes genetic info), DNA (double-stranded, stores genetic info).
Transcription
Process of copying DNA into RNA
Zygote
Fertilized egg formed by union of sperm and egg
Biotechnology definition
Use of living organisms or their products in technology or medicine
Ethical concerns of biotech
Genetic manipulation, informed consent, environmental impact.
Gene therapy
Treatment involving genetic material to treat or prevent disease.
Reproductive cloning vs Therapeutic cloning
Reproductive (produces clone of organism), therapeutic (produces embryonic stem cells for research/treatment).
Selective breeding:
Breeding of organisms for specific traits.
