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PPD > Med Law > Flashcards

Med Law Flashcards

1
Q

What do you consider when making PRActical decisions?

A

moral Perception
moral Reasoning
moral Action

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2
Q

What’s moral Perception?

A

ethical?

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3
Q

what are the principles of moral Reasoning?

A

Beneficence
Non-Maleficence = no harm
Autonomy = Competent patient in control -know what’s best for them–> fulfilling life
Justice = No discrimination/waste resources

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4
Q

what’s moral Action?

A

implementing ethical practice independently

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5
Q

Features of HCP?

A 
Licensed by the state
Belongs to organisation (NHS)
Helps needy
Exercises autonomy over work XO
Has special knowledge
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6
Q

Duties of HCP?

A 
-Duty – What’s expected of you
Moral → You 
Professional → GMC 
Legal → Law
-Utility – Skills
-Rights – Respect autonomy
-Virtue – Want best outcome
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7
Q

Types of laws?

A

common, quasi, statute

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8
Q

What’s common law?

A

developed by judges + courts, decide each case, but have a precedential effect on future cases

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9
Q

What’s quasi law?

A

rules set by GMC- regulatory body

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10
Q

What’s statute law?

A

decided by government via legal frameworks eg MHA 2005

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11
Q

Define consent

A

voluntary, un-coerced decision made by competent or autonomous person on basis of adequate info + deliberation, to accept rather than reject some proposed course of action (Gillon 1986)

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12
Q

Types of consent?

A

Imputed: assumed
Implied: actions suggest
Expressed: written + oral

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13
Q

what are the parts of valid consent?

A
  • Informed about procedure
  • Competent: patient understands, use/weigh up, retain info, communicate decison
  • Not forced- voluntary
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14
Q

define competence

A

patient understands, use/weigh up, retain info, communicate decision

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15
Q

define gillick competence

A

child under 16 able to consent to treatment w/o parents permission/knowledge?

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16
Q

how is gillick competence accessed?

A

Each case diff

  • willingness
  • understanding of the nature +purpose
  • understanding risks + side effects
  • understanding of alternatives + risks
  • freedom from undue pressure.
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17
Q

define child

A

below 18

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18
Q

what if child refuses treatment?

A

Parents can overrule the child’s refusal

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19
Q

what’s parental consent limited by?

A

best interest so may not be able to consent to

certain treatments OR refuse life saving treatment w/o court approval

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20
Q

who has parental responsibility?

A 
Birth Mother
Biological father if married to mother when conceived
Step parents 
Local Authority (if care order made)
Adoption agency
Legal guardian
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21
Q

if biological father unmarried to mother when conceived?

A

father has to get written agreement from mother + court order to be registered as father on birth certificate + legal parental guardian after mothers death

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22
Q

what if parent refuses certain treatment?

A

can be overruled by the courts if in the best interests

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23
Q

what if only 1 parent gives consent?

A

HCP can accept conse nt + perform treatment

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24
Q

what if parent’s disagree on best interests?

A

courts can make decision

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25
Q

what if emergency + waiting for parental consent?

A

treatment can proceed w/o consent

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26
Q

Types of disabilities?

A

Impairment (Biological)
Disability (Psychological)
Handicap (Social)

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27
Q

define impairment

A

Physiological/anatomical dysfunction

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28
Q

define disability

A

Can’t do certain things other people can do due to impairment

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29
Q

define handicap

A

Given by society to disabled person that stops them from doing things they’re capable of

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30
Q

Prescribing drugs for non-patients:

A

Prescribing Controlled Drugs for someone w/o professional relationship is professional misconduct - GMC
Unwise to prescribe for themselves, friends,family - Shipman Inquiry
GMC, RCGP, BMA regard self-prescribing as poor practice

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31
Q

what do you do if self prescribing or family?

A 
make a clear record 
tell GP(treating doctors) what medicines prescribed
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32
Q

when’s parental consent not needed?

A

Emergencies
Abandonment
Abuse

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33
Q

types of mental illness?

A

psychosis

neurosis

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34
Q

define psychosis

A

Can’t distinguish between reality+fantasy

Impaired insight = don’t know they’re delusional

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35
Q

define neurosis

A

No distortion of reality but still distressed

Insight unaffected

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36
Q

how mental illnesses classed?

A

organic

functional

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37
Q

define organic mental disorder

A

physiological explanation, affecting the brain

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38
Q

define functional mental disorder

A

no physiological explanation-psychiatric illness

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39
Q

define felt stigma

A

feel people discriminate against you due to your illness

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40
Q

define enacted stigma

A

actually discriminated against due to your illness

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41
Q

define intelligence + intelligence quotient

A

Ability to understand, use, apply info
Higher IQ = better intelligence
average = 100

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42
Q

how’s intelligence determined?

A

Childhood nutrition
Environmental toxins (lead)
Drugs in utero (alcohol)
Intellectually stimulating environment in childhood
Neurological injury/disease
Genetic disorders affecting brain development.

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43
Q

male vs female intelligence?

A

Men -visuo-spatial (extreme ends)

Females -arithmetic + verbal reasoning (consistent)

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44
Q

define classic conditioning

A

neutral stimulus –> conditioned response to unconditioned stimulus

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45
Q

define operant conditioning

A

learning from punishment/reward

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46
Q

how memorizing happens?

A

Memorising = sensory information stored sensory store – short term memory –>stored in long term memory

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47
Q

Components of short term memory?

A

Phonological loops – info in speech
Visuo-spatial sketchpad – info in visual
Central executive – paying attention

48
Q

Factors affecting retrieval?

A

Context – place learnt
Elaboration/repeating
Organisation
Retro/pro-active interference

49
Q

diff between Retro-active vs Pro-active?

A
  • new info impedes recall of previous

- while writing a list you forget the former items as you write the latter items

50
Q

diff between recognition vs recall?

A
  • recognising stimulus

- reconstructing original stimulus from cue + long term memory

51
Q

why memory vital w patients consultation?

A

beginning + end
concrete examples (¼ of a pill vs 200mg)
Short, simple sentences
Important, amount , organized, repeated info

52
Q

define Bereavement

A

state of having lost someone/ something which emotionally attached to

53
Q

define Grief

A

painful emotions associated w loss: 😢, 😡, guilt, shame, anxiety

54
Q

define Mourning

A

psychological processes triggered by loss + process of recovery-visible grief

55
Q

what are the stages of Grief?

A 
(DABDA)
•Denial
•Anger
•Bargaining
•Despair (depression)
•Acceptance
56
Q

define unsolved mouring

A

grief don’t change 6 months after loss

57
Q

define delayed/absent grief

A

NO symptoms after loss manifests later –>

58
Q

why do Bereaved individuals have higher mortality?

A
  • increased cortisol + decreased level of NK cells
  • neglects new symptoms
  • no self care
  • Alcohol/substance abuse
  • Change in health practice (eg forgetting to take tablets)
59
Q

Models of Psychology and Health Behavior?

A 
Health Belief Model
Theory of Planned Behavior
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Trans-theoretical Model
PRIME theory
60
Q

Define Health Belief Model

A

Perceived threats cause changes in health behavior but are influenced by other factors

61
Q

Describe Health Belief Model

A

liver THREAT!!!!!!!!!!!
Likelihood to ❌🥤depends:
•cues to action eg raised liver count
•perceived susceptibility+severity of disease
•modifying factors- age, socioeconomic status
•perceived benefits (lessens risk) + perceived barriers to action (but the withdrawl..)

62
Q

pros of health belief model?

A

Identifies physical barriers (cost/travel/withdrawal)

Compares diff factors - cue > cost

63
Q

cons of health belief model?

A

excludes:

  • irrationality in health behaviour
  • emotion/habits/social factors
  • reason for health changes (losing weight to look good or for health?)
  • threat -/-> change - 🚬
64
Q

describe theory of planned behaviour

A
  • attitude towards 🚬- only a lil puff
  • social influences -beliefs about others opinions- nitty
  • perceived control: how much control you have- i can stop
  • ——>INTENTION –> change
65
Q

pros of theory of planned behaviour

A

Identifies perceived control + social norms

66
Q

cons of theory of planned behaviour

A 
excludes:
intention --/--> change
addiction
future/ re-bounds (anticipatory regret)
Diff morals determine diff behaviours
67
Q

define cognitive dissonance theory

A

‘Guilty feeling’ when 2 cognitions conflict
Cognition 1: I do better in exams when 🚬
Cognition 2: increases lung cancer risk

68
Q

how cognitive dissonance resolved?

A
  • Change ❌🚬
  • Adding 3rd cognition (nitty, so pointless / I’ll stop in the new year)
  • Removing 1 or both cognitions (odds of lung cancer low)
  • Changing 1 or both cognitions (exams>lung cancer)
  • Avoiding thinking about cognitions
69
Q

pros of cognitive dissonance?

A

Guilty is easy just add a cognition

70
Q

cons of cognitive dissonance?

A

No social/emotional factors

Purely individual

71
Q

define Transtheoretical Model

A

Changing health behaviour has distinct, timely steps

72
Q

steps of transtheoretical model?

A

Pre-contemplation: no intention in next 6 months
Contemplation: intending in next 6 months
Preparation: intending within next month
Action: change within 6 months
Maintaining change: preventing relapse (6 months to 5 years)

73
Q

pros of transtheoretical model

A

Easy to implement

Identifies steps where can fail

74
Q

cons of transtheoretical model

A

dont go via all the steps at the same time
Contemplation –/–> action
Change is spontaneous
excludes barriers

75
Q

define PRIME theory

A

Change if desire to change> 🚬

Impulse > inertia

76
Q

diff Models of Stress?

A

The General Adaptation Syndrome
Life change model
Transactional Model

77
Q

define The General Adaptation Syndrome

A

Focuses RESPONSE to stress

78
Q

describe The General Adaptation Syndrome

A

ALARM–> fight or flight
Body adapts to the stressor
Fails resistance so exhausted emotionally + physically –> breakdown

79
Q

cons of The General Adaptation Syndrome

A

diff people respond diff to stressors

Diff stressors of diff magnitude (eg exam vs death of cat)

80
Q

define Life change model

A

Focuses STIMULUS of stress

81
Q

describe Life change model

A

Stress = life changing events over time
Accumulation of events are effect health
Based on a checklist of life events which all have diff values (divorce>exam)

82
Q

cons of life change model?

A

diff people respond diff to stress

Not all the events bad - yay divorce

83
Q

define Transactional Model

A

Focuses on stress as DYNAMIC INTERACTION

84
Q

describe Transactional Model

A

Demands don’t meet resources
Perceived demand of stressor can be balanced by coping
Good coping skills = less stress (meditation)
so stress= demand>cope

85
Q

cons of Transactional Model

A

excludes:

  • sudden stressors eg car crash
  • wider social + individual differences
86
Q

define CBT

A

helps to SEE thoughts that accompany negative emotions/behaviour- keep diary

87
Q

steps of CBT?

A

IDENTIFIES thought
REMOVES thought
EDUCATED to stay away from thought

88
Q

Models of Mental Illnesses?

A 
Biological disease model
Social Model
Psycho-dynamic Model
Behavioral Model
Cognitive Model
89
Q

define Biological disease model

A

Mental illness =biochemical change 🧠

90
Q

define social Model

A

Social influences awakens mental illnesses + vital in preventing its appearance

91
Q

define Psycho-dynamic Model

A

Mental life is unconscious but influences our conscious thoughts + behaviour. so symptoms show unconscious processes

92
Q

define Behavioral Model

A

good + bad behaviors learnt so CBT change s dysfunctional behavior

93
Q

define Cognitive Model

A

displays biased/incorrect/ hard-wired thoughts which appear during episodes of mental illness
Psychological illness stems from thoughts
THINK differently

94
Q

where consent not needed?

A
  • Necessity: treatment best option incompetent patient
  • Emergency: act to prevent harm
  • Children and when patients pose risk to others
95
Q

define help seeking model

A

‘accomodation’ breaks down –> seek help

consult w internet first then make self diagnosis

96
Q

define lay health beliefs

A

Ideas that are held by the public

97
Q

describe lay health beliefs

A

I Make Bad Decisions
INVASION – 🐛
MECHANICAL – injury to cartridge can cause arthritis
BALANCE – healthy diet and exercise prevent diabetes
DEGENERATION - old body breaks down->osteoporosis

98
Q

eg of lay health beliefs

A

Health as functional capacity - healthy? work
Body as physical capital - like machine
Emotional wellbeing - optimism manages illness
Disease candidacy - genes
Reflection of lifestyle - nitty
Duality of health - odds w society

99
Q

define crisis model

A

Diagnosis of chronic–> LOSS OF SOCIAL STATUS–> BIOGRAPHICAL DISRUPTION
Loss of social status – primary deviance
Behaviour change – secondary deviance

100
Q

describe crisis model

A 
Enacted stigma
Felt stigma 
Impairment or disability 
Negative labelling 
Diminished self esteem and withdrawal 
It can however lead to NEGOTIATION - refusing to accept stigmatisation,adjustments, maintaining identity
101
Q

adaption to chronic?

A
  • Adjustment to : symptoms, incapacities + treatment procedures
  • Developing + maintaining relationships w : HCP, family, friends
  • Preserving : emotional balance, good self image + competence
  • Preparing for uncertain future
102
Q

what are the social aspects of nutrition?

A

biology – genes
activity – lifestyle
psychology – food for compensation
Food consumption – less family meals
Food preparation – meal deals, fast food
Activity environment – city vs farm life
Cultural/social factors – health vs cost

103
Q

define risky health behaviour?

A

Epidemiological studies to identify at risk groups eg 🚬 lung cancer

104
Q

cons of risky health behaviour?

A 
PICS
Assumes risk is PERSONAL CHOICE 
Ignores IMMEASURABLE FACTORS
Assumes risk is CONTROLLABLE
Correlation but SILLY ASSOCIATIONS
105
Q

Types of studies?

A

Observational

Interventional

106
Q

what’s observational study?

A

Cross sectional
Cohort
Case control

107
Q

what’s interventional study?

A 
Randomised control trial 
Blinding (single vs double)
Randomisation 
Control group 
Intention to treat vs treatment on analysis
108
Q

define epidemiology

A

branch of med - deals w incidence, distribution, control of diseases, other factors relating to health.

109
Q

define Prevalence :

A

number of people w disease in point/period of time

110
Q

define Incidence:

A

number of new cases in period

111
Q

define Population perspective:

A

wider social, demographic , economical and technological causes –>spread of disease

112
Q

define Standard error:

A

measures spread of MEANs = precision of sample

113
Q

define Reference range:

A

mean ± 2SD = 95% of values lie here

114
Q

what’s 95% Confidence interval

A

mean ± 2SE

115
Q

define P value

A

shows the likelihood of results being due to chance

116
Q

describe statistical sig

A

p<0.05
when sig REJECT null
CI ratio = cannot cross 1
CI absolute values = cannot cross 0

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