Med Administration And Sample Collection Flashcards
Oral administration types
Pills, tablets, liquid, and orogastric intubation
How to measure the length of a orogastric tube
Measure from the tip of the nose to the 13th rib for medication and fluid. Measure to the 8th rib for feeding
Transdermal types
Ointment, patches, liquid, creams
Topical ophthalmic types
Eye drops and ointments
Aural types
Ear drops, ointments, liquids
Intrarectal types
Suppositories, enemas, tube and syringe
Intranasal
Vaccine dispensers and/or pipette
Intradermal
Local anesthetic injections and allergy skin testing.
Injected into a fold of skin
Subcutaneous injection
Injected under the skin
Intramuscular
Injected into the muscles
Intravenous
Injected into the vein
Intratracheal
Injected into the trachea followed by air and saline to disperse the medication
Intraosseous
Injected directly into bone marrow
Intraperitoneal
Injected directly into the abdominal cavity
Thoracocentesis
procedure that may be used to diagnose or treat pleural filling defects. It can remove air and fluid that may compress the lungs
Abdominocentesis
a procedure that involves aspiration of fluid from the abdominal cavity for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes
Diagnostic Peritoneal Lavage
infusion of fluid into the abdomen followed by retrieval of the fluid for laboratory analysis. This procedure has greater diagnostic accuracy than abdominocentesis and may be considered when the abdominocentesis result is negative
Transtracheal Wash
Transtracheal lavage and aspiration provide a means of obtaining samples from the tracheobronchial tree that is uncontaminated by the oral cavity for culture and cytologic examination.
Arthrocentesis
aspiration of fluid from a joint to establish and differentiate the diagnosis of joint disease in the dog or cat, synovial fluid analysis is essential.
Bone Marrow Aspiration
performed to evaluate the cells in bone marrow.
How to give an Intradermal injection
Lift a fold of skin, use a 25-27 gauge needle and a 1mL syringe, insert needle and inject
How to give subcutaneous injection
Injection sites- dorsolateral region from the neck to the hips
fold of skin is tented, and the needle is inserted at the base of and parallel to the long axis of the fold.
How to give an intramuscular injection
Isolate the muscle between fingers and thumb, and a 22- to 25-gauge needle attached to a syringe is embedded in the muscle. Check for blood, if present start over at another site
4 types of IV caths
OTN- over the needle
TTN- through-the-needle
Multilumen- two to three separate lumina in one catheter
Butterfly
Intraosseous sites
tibia, femur, humerus, and, occasionally, the iliac wing or the ischium
Intraperitoneal steps
An 18- to 22-gauge needle or catheter is inserted into the abdominal cavity on the ventral midline, a few centimeters caudal to the umbilicus after which a syringe is attached and aspiration performed. If the needle is in the proper location in the peritoneal cavity, no blood or fluid will be aspirated into the syringe.
Thoracocentesis steps
The patient may sta the catheter will be inserted just cranial to the rib and in the caudal aspect of the intercostal space. With the catheter perpendicular to the chest wall, the catheter is advanced gradually through the chest wall until a flash of fluid is seen in the hub or a pop is felt. Once in the thoracic cavity, the catheter is advanced over the needle a few millimeters so that the needle no longer extends beyond the catheter
Thoracocentesis complications and post care
pneumothorax, lung laceration, and laceration of an intercostal vessel or internal thoracic artery leading to hypovolemia secondary to hemothorax.
Postthoracocentesis nursing care includes close observation, respiratory rate measurement, auscultation of lung sounds, and measurement of oxygen saturation with a pulse oximeter. Laboratory samples may be submitted for cell count, total protein (TP), cytologic examination, biochemical analysis (e.g., triglycerides, glucose, lactate), and culture and sensitivity.
Abdominocentesis steps
performed at the right, midabdominal region and local anesthesia is not usually necessary. An area several inches in diameter is clipped and surgically prepped. The patient may be standing or may be placed in sternal or lateral recumbency.
Using aseptic technique, the needle is gently introduced into the peritoneal cavity. Aspirate fluid.
Rotation of the needle or placement of a second needle into the abdomen 2 cm from the first can stimulate fluid flow.
If no fluid is retrieved, the procedure should be repeated in one or two other locations. As an alternative, abdominocentesis can be performed with an 18- to 20-gauge OTN catheter.
Arthrocentesis steps
place the animal in lateral recumbency. Prep sites.
joint space to be entered is palpated with the index finger before introducing the needle attached to the syringe. Insert the needle, aspirate sample. The suction should always be released before the needle is withdrawn to prevent contamination (blood) from the skin, SC tissues, and synoviuml.
Arthrocentesis sites
arthrocentesis in the dog and cat include the distal joints, including carpus, tarsus, and stifle
Gross appearance of synovial fluid
A normal synovial fluid sample consists of a small volume of about 0.05 to 0.3 mL colorless, clear, and viscous fluid.
Yellow-tinged fluid is a result of previous hemorrhage with release of hemoglobin pigments into the joint fluid (inflammatory, degenerative, and traumatic joint disease). If RBCs or white blood cells (WBCs) or both are present in excess, an increase in turbidity or lack of clarity is observed.
A normal joint sample will form a long string between the needle and the slide; occasionally, poor viscosity is observed in degenerative or traumatized joints. In addition, the drop on the slide should remain global, rather than dispersing over the slide. A thin, runny consistency is a frequent, consistent finding in inflammatory disorders.
