MED 118 due cards

Question 1

ethnics

Answer 1

branch of knowledge that deals with standards of behavior or beliefs.

Question 2

why should MA’s study ethnics?

Answer 2

-an important part of an individuals educatiom to develop the intellectual skills needed to analyze complex problems and justify choices made in certain situations

-society has become increasingly complex, average citizens are more aware that choices affect not only people living now but alo those who will live in the future. [˜Responsibility for future generations and humanity as a whole]

-sophisticated medical treatment and new technologies are constanly becoming available. Need to make fair choices about health care resources

-every single year biomedical research makes it possible to do more things with which the world has no previous experience

Question 3

what are laws?

Answer 3

-Laws regulate public behavior
-Laws based on society’s beliefs about right and wrong
-Interpretation of law also based on beliefs about right and wrong
-[the action of explaining the meaning of something: explaination]

Question 4

what are rights?

Answer 4

-a claim that is expected to be honored

Question 5

natural rights [right to life]

Answer 5

[right to life, connected with abortion] PA traditionally did not assist with terminating life
Declaration of Independence
no human being has the right to kill another, found in religions and traditions.
Hippocratic Oath.

Question 6

right to privacy

Answer 6

bill of rights [4th amendemnt]
-womans right to control reproduction, birth control, abortion
- patients right to condfidentiality

Question 7

right to autonomy;

Answer 7

a persons right to make independent decisions about health care according to their values and concers without constrait or coercion by others
must be based on adequate information
(informed cosent; consent based on the understanding of a medical procedure and its possible outcomes.)
law limits; people with decreased mental capacity [I.E. mentally retarded, mental capacity has been impaired by illness, such as drugs, alc]

Question 8

what is “Do no harm nonmalfeasance”
Correlate the concept of duties to the actions expected of health professionals.

Answer 8

-no harm in any treatment given
-hipporcratic oath
-medical benefits should outweight adverse effects
-patients whos conditions are so serious that doing nothing is likely to be as dangerous as the treatment or procedure being studied!

Question 9

Do the best possible (beneficence
Correlate the concept of duties to the actions expected of health professionals.

Answer 9

-doing the best possible!
-hard to pinpoint what exaclty harm and good are?

Question 10

tell the truth
Correlate the concept of duties to the actions expected of health professionals.

Answer 10

tell the truth
Correlate the concept of duties to the actions expected of health professionals.

-veracity; truthfulness
-scientific traditions
-healthcare providers must provide truthful information without having to be asked.
-ex; experiments be must be accurate and reviewed by other scientitsts to see if the results can be replicated; then should be published for the benefit of all.

Question 11

Correlate the concept of duties to the actions expected of health professionals.
[be a patient adovcate]

Answer 11

-Concept of fidelity includes expectation that patients’ needs come first
-adovcate; a person who intercedes on behalf of another person
-MA’s functions as an adovcate for patient by suggesting appropriate community referrals to the Physiscan.
-also to protect patients safety MA may report unsafe or illegal behavior to proper authorities.

Question 12

.Describe how genetic engineering and cloning generate ethical conflict in society.
what is genetic engineering?
what is the issue of genetical engineering?
what is colning?
what are opponents aruging over?

Answer 12

-genetic engineering; is making, altering, or repairing genetic material
-issue of of geneticall engineered: crops and other food products
-cloning; reproducing genetically identical cells or people :D
[-human cloning is prohibted, no federal legislation]
-Opponents argue that we cannot predict all of the possible effects of manipulating genetic material
- likely to see unexpected and unwanted consequences to ourselves or other species

Question 13

what is gene therapy and its con?

Answer 13

-Experimental treatments that attempt to treat or cure diseases by giving patients new genes or gene parts, which may be made in the lab, taken from human tissue, or engeried genetic material of animals, other spieces.
-expensive and treatment may noy restore complete function

Question 14

Describe how refusing or withholding treatment generate ethical conflict in society.

Answer 14

-1990 Patient Self-Determination Act; establishes healthcare provider/organizations to inform all patients of their right to express their wishes related to health care and refuse treatment.
-Rely on written instructions if individual no longer can speak for self.
-courts have allowed mentally ill patinets to refuse treatment for their conditon :D.

Question 15

Describe how Physiscan assisted sucides generate ethical conflict in society

Answer 15

-physicain assisted suicides; euthanasia (good death); writing a prescription for a patient of a lethal dose of pain killer or other medication, PA cannot administer medicaition.
-brings fears that the power to take life will be abused—that it will be used more for the convenience of others than forthe ones who are dying.
-Advocates for the disabled have argued that; severely disabled are too much of a financial and physical burden and therefore having them euthanized.
-in oregion 1997 became first state to legalize assisted sucide

Question 16

what are advance directives?

Answer 16

-May specify care to be given or avoided and name a person to make medical decisions if the individual should become incompetent.
-Patient may want to arrange for organ donation
-DNR orders should be kept in the medical record (or if the patient is at home, family must have a copy to show emergenrcy perosonnel)
-A living will gives instructions on how to treat a patient who becomes incompetent
DNR; do not resuscitate.

Question 17

what is a living will?

Answer 17

-a document executed by a person that gives medical professionals instructions about how they wish to be treated in the event of becoming incompetent.

Question 18

what is Do-Not-Resuscitate Order

Answer 18

-Requested by either a patient or health care agent.
- A written order from the physician in the patient’s medical record that allows medical staff not to resuscitate in the event of cardiac or respiratory arrest

Question 19

what is a health care proxy?

Answer 19

Executed by an individual before or during illness. Names a health care agent who has the ability to make decisions about care, including signing a do-not-resuscitate order.
may also outline the types of care that the individual does or does not wish to receive. It becomes effective only when the individual becomes incapable of making his or her own decisions.

Question 20

What does acting professional ethnic mean?

Answer 20

-medical assistant cannot withhold (refuse to give the physician info) from the physician information given by the patient related to the medical condition
-Cannot legally suggest another treatment plan if they don’t agree with physician

Question 21

-Process Used to Make Ethical Decisions
[gathering information] [ identifying conflicting values]

Answer 21

• Gathering information
  Background about the situation
  Facts related to the specific problem
  Information about the people involved, their knowledge of the situation, and their mental capacity
  The impact of any laws or institutional policies that relate to the situation
  ˜Identifying conflicting values
  -Conflict may be about ideals or practicalities
  -Individual wishes may conflict with duties or rights

Question 22

organ donation status (adavance directives)

Answer 22

Authorization to donate organs after death either by signing up with a website or including in a license application.
separate organ donor card, organ-donor designation on an individual’s driver’s license or ID card.
If a person has signed up using a state database, a separate card is not usually issued.

Question 23

Personal, Professional, and Organizational Ethics
1. what does professional ethnics take over?
2. what does professional ethnics requires that the MA follow?

Answer 23

-Professional ethics take precedence over personal beliefs and morals
[ex; a MA may believe that a parent who is paying the medical bill should be given the results of laboratory tests done on his or her child. Legally, however, after age 18, information about a patient can be given only with the patient’s consent.]
-professional ethnics requires that the medical assistant follow the law to maintain patient confidentiality no matter what he or she believes personally.

Question 24

what is Durable Power of Attorney
?

Answer 24

-Provides a written authorization to act on the behalf of another that remains in effect even if the grantor becomes incapacitated.
- An authorization limited to health care decisions only is called a durable power of attorney for health care decisions or a medical durable power of attorney.

Question 25

Describe how stem cell research generate ethical conflict in society.
what is steam research?
What is a potential benefit of using embryonic stem cells in medical treatments?
where may the stem cells be harvested from?
what could happen if the demand for fetal tissue grows?
What is a potential ethical concern associated with research involving live cells from human embryos?
A) The cells might not be effective in research applications.
B) The cells may be killed during the course of the research.
C) The cells are too difficult to obtain.
D) The cells are only useful for non-medical research.

Answer 25

-stem cell search: medical treatment involved using
embryonic stem cells.
-cells, taken from fetal tissue, can mature into different types of tissue.
-cells may reduce or possibly even reverse the symptoms of Parkinson disease and other diseases.
————————————————————————-
-may be harvested from aborted fetuses or fetilized ova not used for in vitro feritilzation
-If the demand for fetal tissue grows, a woman might be inflused to have an abortion so she could sell the tissue for research or treatment.
-the live cells of human embryos: may be killed in the course of research (b)

Question 26

describe how abortion generate generates ethical conflict in society?

Answer 26

-the fetuts right to life outweights the womans right to privacy and
- in determining with her physiscan the proper course of her medical care.
-the partial birth abortion ban act of 2008; prohibits a specific abortion procedure that can be done in the second trimester (period within 3 months of pregnancy). is an example of a federal law that restricts a woman’s right to abortion in some cases.

Question 27

what is ethical conflict and give an example

Answer 27

-issues that may become controverial when there is a disagreement within society
-about the relative hierachy of certain issues rights and duites
-reproductive issues and abortion
-allowing the morning after pill to be sold over the counter
-limits on abortion, such as ban partial birth abortion

Question 28

Be faithful to reasonable expectations
Correlate the concept of duties to the actions expected of health professionals.

Answer 28

-fidelity; being faithful
-Patients can expect to be cared for by people who follow the rules and ethical standards of their profession, obey the law, and use accepted medical and scientific practices

Question 29

what are duties?

Answer 29

-Commitment to act in a certain way on the basis of religious beliefs, moral pirinciples, or a particukar professional code of conduct.

Question 30

right to the means to sustain life

Answer 30

-Every society has to figure out how to fairly share goods and services among its people and how to manage that sharing over time.
-not a problem when supply is adequate or when supply is greater than demand [such as oxygen]
-justice in distribution and acess, at least in medical need
-Difficult to determine how much health care is necessary for all

Question 31

what are etiquette or manners?

Answer 31

-a wide diversity of expectations about normal, acceptable behavior.
-Emotional response to breach of manners may be as strong as breach of morals
-Patients may have negative emotional response to breach of manners
——————————
-breach of manners: a failure to comply with a particular behavior necessary for a situation or environment.
[A medical assistant failing to greet a patient politely when they arrive for an appointment.]
-breach of morals: an action or behavior that goes against accepted moral principles or standards.
[A healthcare provider sharing a patient’s confidential medical information without their consent.]

Question 32

what are morals

Answer 32

beliefs about what is right or wrong
creates rules to regulate public behavior using laws created by the democractic process.