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Physiology Prac Cns > Mechano Recptors > Flashcards

Mechano Recptors Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main classifications of sensations?

A

Physiological sensations, Epicritic sensations, Protopathic sensations, Kinesthetic sensation, Synthetic senses

Physiological sensations include somatic sensations, special senses, and organic sensations.

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2
Q

What are the types of somatic sensations?

A
  • Pain
  • Temperature (cold & hot)
  • Mechanoceptive (Tactile, Proprioceptive)

Mechanoceptive sensations include tactile sensations, proprioceptive sensations, and various forms of touch.

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3
Q

Define epicritic sensations.

A

Mild or light sensations that are perceived more accurately

Epicritic sensations allow for fine discrimination of touch.

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4
Q

What are protopathic sensations?

A

Crude & primitive sensations

Protopathic sensations are less precise and include sensations such as pain and temperature.

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5
Q

What is kinesthetic sensation?

A

Sensation of position & movements of different parts of the body

Kinesthetic sensations arise from proprioceptors in muscles, tendons, joints & ligaments.

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6
Q

What are synthetic senses?

A

Sensations synthesized at cortical level by integration of impulses from basic sensations

Examples include vibratory sensation, stereognosis, and two-point discrimination.

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7
Q

What are the types of mechanoreceptive sensations?

A
  • Tactile
  • Touch
  • Pressure
  • Vibration
  • Stereognosis
  • Tickling & Itching

These sensations are detected by various types of mechanoreceptors.

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8
Q

What are the receptors for crude touch?

A

Free nerve endings, hair end organs, Pacinian corpuscles

Crude touch is poorly localized and detected by specific receptors.

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9
Q

True or False: Fine touch is well localized.

A

True

Fine touch allows for precise localization of tactile stimuli.

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10
Q

What is tactile localization?

A

Ability to localize touched point with both eyes closed

Tested by using a blunt object to touch the skin.

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11
Q

What is the threshold distance for two-point discrimination in fingertips?

A

2 mm

This is the best tactile discrimination found in the body.

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12
Q

What is the significance of vibration sense?

A

Loss of vibration sense is an early diagnostic sign in cases of degeneration of the posterior column

Conditions like uncontrolled diabetes mellitus and pernicious anemia can affect vibration sense.

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13
Q

What is tactile object recognition (TOR)?

A

Higher cerebral associative cortical function that integrates touch, vibration, texture & proprioceptive sensations

TOR allows individuals to identify objects by touch.

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14
Q

What triggers itching sensations?

A

Chemical substances secreted near the receptors, such as histamine and kinins

Itching is often associated with allergic reactions.

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15
Q

What is the role of slowly adapting mechanoreceptors?

A

They provide continuous information about a stimulus as it is maintained

Examples include Merkel’s discs and Ruffini endings.

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16
Q

What is the pathway for proprioceptive sensations?

A

Dorsal column and ventral spinothalamic pathway

Proprioceptive sensations are processed through specific neural pathways in the spinal cord.

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17
Q

What are the receptors for proprioception?

A
  • Muscle spindles
  • Golgi tendon organs
  • Ruffini endings
  • Spray type endings

These receptors help detect static and dynamic proprioceptive information.

18
Q

What is the sensation produced by a sustained strong mechanical stimulus over a wide area of skin?

A

Deep touch or pressure

This sensation is often assessed in clinical examinations.

19
Q

Fill in the blank: The ability to identify the nature of objects with both eyes closed is called _______.

A

Texture of materials

This ability is tested by feeling different materials with closed eyes.

20
Q

Describe the role of first-order neurons in sensory pathways.

A

They are located in dorsal root ganglia and transmit sensory information to the spinal cord

First-order neurons have myelinated fibers and carry information from peripheral receptors.

21
Q

What is the function of second-order neurons in the sensory pathway?

A

They relay signals from the spinal cord to the thalamus

Second-order neurons cross to the opposite side of the spinal cord.

22
Q

What is the third-order neuron in the sensory pathway responsible for?

A

Transmitting sensory information from the thalamus to the somatic sensory cortex

Third-order neurons are crucial for processing sensory information in the brain.

23
Q

What are the ascending tracts in the posterior white funiculus formed by?

A

Fibers of first order neurons

24
Q

What does the trigeminal nerve (Cr-V) carry somatosensory information from?

A

Face, teeth, periodontal tissues, oral cavity, nasal cavity, cranial dura mater, major part of scalp

25
Q

What type of impulses does the trigeminal nerve convey from extrinsic muscles?

A

Proprioceptive impulses

26
Q

Where do sensory fibers of the trigeminal nerve arise from?

A

Trigeminal ganglion (first order neuron)

27
Q

What are the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve?

A
  • Ophthalmic
  • Mandibular
  • Maxillary
28
Q

Where do central processes from trigeminal ganglion neurons enter?

A

Pons in the form of sensory root of Cr-V

29
Q

What groups do fibers of the sensory root divide into after reaching the pons?

A
  • Descending fibers
  • Ascending fibers
30
Q

Where do descending fibers of the trigeminal nerve terminate?

A
  • Primary sensory nucleus
  • Spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve
31
Q

Where is the primary sensory nucleus situated?

A

In the pons

32
Q

Where does the spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve extend to?

A

Upper segments of spinal cord

33
Q

Where do ascending fibers of the sensory root terminate?

A

Mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal nerve

34
Q

What do the majority of fibers from the primary sensory nucleus ascend as?

A

Trigeminal lemniscus

35
Q

Where do trigeminal lemniscus fibers terminate?

A

Ventral posteromedial nucleus of thalamus on the opposite side

36
Q

What sensations do the primary sensory nucleus and spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve relay?

A
  • Touch
  • Pressure
  • Pain
  • Temperature
37
Q

Where do remaining fibers from the primary sensory and spinal nuclei terminate?

A

Thalamic nucleus of the same side

38
Q

How do fibers from the thalamus reach the cerebral cortex?

A

Via superior thalamic radiation

39
Q

What tract do fibers from the mesencephalic nucleus form?

A

Trigeminocerebellar tract

40
Q

How do trigeminocerebellar tract fibers enter the spinocerebellum?

A

Via the superior cerebellar peduncle of the same side

41
Q

What type of impulses does the mesencephalic nucleus relay?

A

Proprioceptive impulses from facial muscles, mastication, and ocular muscles

Physiology Prac Cns (5 decks)

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