Mechanisms to Make Energy Flashcards
1
Q
Glycolysis
A
- The Embden-Meyerhof Pathway
- Takes place in cytoplasm in Euk and Pro
- Used in many bacteria, but not all
- Same pathway as Euk
- Uses substrate level phosphorylation to make ATP
2
Q
Products of Glycolysis
A
2 Pyruvate
2 ATP (4-2)
2 NADH
(per glucose)
3
Q
NAD+
A
- Electron acceptor
- Derived from Niacin (vitamin B3)
- Reduced form: NADH
4
Q
TCA Cycle
A
- Krebs Cycle/Citric Acid Cycle
- Pyruvate –> 3CO2
- Mitrochondiral Matrix (Euk)
- Cytoplasm (Pro)
5
Q
Products of TCA Cycle
A
8 NADH 2 FADH2 2 ATP 6 CO2 (per glucose)
6
Q
Electron Transport Chain
A
- Inner Mitochondrial Membrane (Euk)
- Inner Cell Membrane (Pro)
- Proteins for ETC are all bound to the inside of the cell membrane (6 proteins)
- O2 is terminal electron acceptor (usually)
- Some bacteria use NO3-
7
Q
Products of ETC
A
- Each NADH makes 3 ATP
- Each FADH2 makes 2 ATP (lower energy so it donates e- to 2nd protein instead of first)
30 ATP (from NADH) 4 ATP (from FADH2) (per glucose)
Creates ion gradient with H+ outside of membrane to power ATP synthase
8
Q
Glycolysis + TCA + ETC
A
Total of 38 ATP/glucose
37% efficiency
9
Q
Chemiosmosis
A
- Oxidative phosphorylation
- Energy powers a proton pump
- High [H+] outside of membrane powers ATP synthase to make ATP
- Cell wall is imperative to maintaining gradient
- Mycoplasmas have no cell wall - no ETC
10
Q
Anaerobic Conditions
A
- TCA and ETC will shut down
- Glycolysis will continue to produce a small amount of ATP (2 per glucose) until NAD+ runs out
11
Q
Fermentation
A
2 Types
- Alcohol fermentation (yeast and some bacteria)
- Lactic acid fermentation (bacteria and eukaryotic skeletal muscle)
- Does not make ATP directly
- Generates NAD+ so glycolysis can continue
- Both are redox reactions
12
Q
Alcohol fermentation
A
Pyruvate + NADH —> —> ethanol + CO2 + NAD+
13
Q
Lactic Acid Fermentation
A
Pyruvate + NADH —> lactic acid + NAD+
-lactic acid causes muscle pain
