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BIOL 1001 > Mechanisms Of Evolution > Flashcards

Mechanisms Of Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

What is Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? What are the conditions?

A

where allele/genotype frequencies don’t change

no mutations, no natural selection, population is infinite in size (no genetic drift), isolated from other populations (no gene flow), no sexual selection

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2
Q

What processes drive evolution?

A

natural selection, gene flow, genetic drift, mutation

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3
Q

What is gene flow?

A

happens when individuals leave a population, join another, and breed

transfer of alleles through immigration and emigration

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4
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

causes allele frequency to change randomly

any change in allele frequencies in a population due to chance

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5
Q

How can continual gene flow between 2 populations result in?

A

them becoming genetically similar, reduces genetic differences

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6
Q

What are the good and bad impacts of gene flow?

A

good: gene flow can increase genetic variation in the recipient population

bad: can slow adaption to local conditions

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7
Q

Why can gene flow slow adaption to local conditions?

A

Because it happens randomly with regards to fitness

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8
Q

Will gene flow increase or decrease fitness?

A

Depends on the situation

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9
Q

Where is genetic drift especially prevalent? Why?

A

Small populations

Easier for small populations to loss an allele or have an allele become fixed due to genetic drift

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10
Q

What are the two major ways genetic drift is seen?

A

Population bottleneck, founder effect

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11
Q

What is population bottleneck? What is it usually caused by?

A

A sudden reduction in population size

Disease outbreaks, natural catastrophes

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12
Q

What is the founder effect? What is it caused by?

A

Small group of individuals established a new population in a new area

Dispersal

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13
Q

Do allele frequencies usually change after genetic drift?

A

Yes if the population is small enough

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14
Q

How does increasing population size affect genetic drift?

A

The effects of genetic drift are minimized with increasing population size

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15
Q

Does genetic drift increase of decrease fitness?

A

Not predictable because genetic drift is random

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16
Q

What are the types of assortative mating?

A

Positive assortative mating and negative assortative mating

17
Q

What is positive assortative mating?

A

Individuals choose mates with similar phenotypes more often than expected by chance

18
Q

What is negative assortative mating?

A

Individuals choose mates with dissimilar phenotypes more often than expected by chance

19
Q

How can we distinguish between sexes?

A

Male: produce smaller and less costly gametes (sperm, pollen…)

Female: produce larger and more energetically costly gametes (eggs)

20
Q

What are secondary sexual characteristics?

A

Differences between sexes in traits that are not directly related to production of gametes

21
Q

What is sexual selection?

A

The theory of selection in context in mating

22
Q

What is sexual dimorphism?

A

Secondary sexual characters such as ornaments/weapons arising from female choice selection pressure

23
Q

What is intersection selection?

A

Members of one sex choose mates based on some anatomical or behavioral trait of the other sex

Opposite sex

24
Q

What are examples of intersexual selection?

A

Ornamentation, songs, pheromones

25
Q

What is intrasexual selection?

A

Competition among members of the same sex for mates

26
Q

What are examples of intrasexual selection?

A

Weaponry, sperm competition

27
Q

What are some reasons females want attractive mates?

A

Competitive males often have the best territories, body size and other competitive characteristics will be inherited by females offspring

28
Q

What is the handicap hypothesis?

A

Male that can support a costly and unwieldy ornament is likely to have an overall high genetic quality

29
Q

What is the sexy son hypothesis?

A

Female receives indirect genetic benefits through her sons, who will be attractive to females and produce a lot of grandchildren

30
Q

What type of natural selection does sexual selection drive?

A

Directional selection in traits in one or boy sexes

31
Q

What are the effects of inbreeding on genotype frequency?

A

More homozygotes and less heterozygotes

BIOL 1001 (7 decks)

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