Mechanisms of Drug Action Flashcards
State the four types of drug antagonism.
Receptor blockade
Physiological antagonism - same tissue may have 2 receptors that have their individual agonists. Effects of binding at these 2 individual receptors may oppose each other.
Chemical antagonism
Pharmacokinetic antagonism- decrease conc of drug at site of action
What is meant by ‘use dependency’ in terms of receptor blockade?
This refers to ion channel blockers The more the tissue on which a drug is acting is being used (i.e. the more active they are), the more effective the blocker will be E.g. normal neurons fire at a relatively low rate so if you put local anaesthetic on them there’ll be fairly limited effects. Nociceptor neurons fire rapidly so their ion channels are open more often meaning that the local anaesthetic can get inside the ion channel and block it more easily.
What is physiological antagonism?
When two drugs act on different receptors in the same tissue and have opposite effects E.g. noradrenaline will bind to alpha-1 receptors and cause vasoconstriction, histamine will bind to histamine receptors and cause vasodilation
What is chemical antagonism?
when the compound interacts with the drugs in solution and forms complexes to stop it from acting properly. eg Antibodies that target the drugs and forming a complex is an example of chemical antagonism. E.g. dimercaprol is a chelating agent that forms heavy metal complexes that are more easily excreted by the kidneys
What is pharmacokinetic antagonism and the different ways that this can be done
When one drug reduces the concentration of another drug at the site of its action
A drug may do this by:
- reduce the absorption of drug (so less drug can act),
- increase the metabolism
- or increase the excretion of the other drug
Define drug tolerance.
Gradual decrease in responsiveness to a drug due to repeated administration of the drug
What are the five main mechanisms of drug tolerance?
Loss of receptors
Change in receptors
Pharmacokinetic factors
Physiological adaptation
Exhaustion of mediator stores
Describe each of these mechanisms briefly.
Loss of receptors – overstimulation can lead to endocytosis of receptors so there are fewer receptors available on the cell membrane
Change in receptors – conformational change in the receptors so that they are desensitized, so a proportion of the receptors are no longer effective
Pharmacokinetic factors – metabolism of the drug is increased after repeated use (e.g. alcohol)
Physiological adaptation – sort of like a homeostatic response to maintain a stable internal environment
Exhaustion of mediator stores – this happens with amphetamines –they get into the central noradrenaline synthesis system and replaces noradrenaline in the vesicles so you get a big increase in the production of noradrenaline
What are the four receptor families? Describe how their transmission varies.
Type 1 – ionotropic
Type 2 – metabotropic (G protein coupled)
Type 3 – tyrosine kinase linked
Type 4 – intracellular steroid type
They increase in transmission time from 1-4 (ie get slower from 1-4)
Describe the structure of type 1 receptors.
Consists of 4 or 5 subunits with transmembrane alpha helices
Describe the structure of type 2 receptors.
Consists of 1 subunit but with 7 transmembrane domains
Describe the structure of type 3 receptors.
Single protein with 1 transmembrane domain Inside the cell there is an intracellular domain When the agonist stimulates the receptor it activates the catalyst
Describe the structure of type 4 receptors.
These are steroid receptors that are found in the nucleus
What is another name for the DNA binding domain of the steroid-receptor complex?
Zinc fingers
