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Respiratory System Y1 > Mechanisms of Allergy and Asthma Lecture > Flashcards

Mechanisms of Allergy and Asthma Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

Which cytokine causes naive T cell differentiation into Th1 subset?

A

IL-12

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2
Q

Which cytokine causes naive T cell differentiation into Th2 subset?

A

IL-4

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3
Q

Which cytokine causes naive T cell differentiation into Th17 subset?

A

IL-1 and IL-6

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4
Q

Which cytokine causes naive T cell differentiation into Treg subset?

A

IL-2 and TGF-b

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5
Q

What are the major cytokines produced by Th1 cells?

What role do these have in disease/ infection?

A

IFN-g
IL-2
IL-10
TNF-b

Intracellular microorganisms, autoimmunity, pro-inflammatory.

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6
Q

What are the major cytokines produced by Th2 cells?

What role do these have in disease/ infection?

A 
IL-4
IL-5
IL-9
IL-10
IL-13
IL-25

Parasitic infestations, allergic diseases

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7
Q

What are the major cytokines produced by Th17 cells?

What role do these have in disease/ infection?

A

IL-17a
IL-17f
IL-21
IL-22

Extracellular bacteria and fungi
Autoimmunity

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8
Q

What are the major cytokines produced by Treg cells?

What role do these have in disease/ infection?

A

IL-10
TGF-b
IL-35

Tolerance, minimise autoimmunity/ allergy/ inflammation

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9
Q

What does IL-4 do? (Th2)

A 
Induces B cell class switching to IgE production
Opposes Th1 activity
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10
Q

What does IL-5 do? (Th2)

A

Eosinophil growth factor

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11
Q

What does IL-13 do? (Th2)

A

Acts on epithelial cells and smooth muscle

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12
Q

What does IL-17 do? (Th17)

A

Enhancement of eosinophils recruitment

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13
Q

How do Treg cells maintain Th1 vs Th2 balance?

A

Release of IL-10 and TGF-b

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14
Q

Does allergy/ atopy favour a Th1 or Th2 response?

A

Th2

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15
Q

Which cytokines cause class switching to IgE?

A

IL-4 and to a lesser extent IL-13 produced by Th2 cells

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16
Q

What inhibits class switching to IgE?

A

IFNg production by Th1 cells

17
Q

What is the result of over production of IgE?

A

Hypersensitivity - release of inflammatory mediators from a variety of granulocytes including mast cells, basophils and eosinophils.

18
Q

What is the name of the Fc receptor IgE binds?

A

FcεRI

19
Q

Where is the FcεRI found?

A

Mast cells (tissue)
Basophils (blood)
B lymphocytes to a lesser extent

20
Q

What do activated mast cells/ basophils release?

A

Biogenic amines eg histmines
Lipid mediators eg PAF, PGD2, LTC4
Cytokines eg TNF
Enzymes eg tryptase

21
Q

What are the downstream effects of biogenic amine release from mast cells? (eg histamines)

A

Vasodilation

Vascular leak

22
Q

What are the downstream effects of lipid mediator release from mast cells? (eg prostaglandins)

A

Bronchoconstriction
Intestinal hypermobility
Inflammation

23
Q

What are the downstream effects of cytokine release from mast cells? (generally)

A

Inflammation

24
Q

What are the downstream effects of enzyme release from mast cells? (eg tryptase)

A

Tissue damage

25
Q

What cell types are found at elevated levels in the blood of asthma patients?

A

Eosinuphils

26
Q

What are the characteristics of a chronic allergic reaction?

A

Persistent inflammation

Prolonged or repetitive exposure antigens

Characterised large numbers of innate and adaptive immune cells

Substantial changes in the extracellular matrix and alterations in the number, phenotype and function of structural cells in the affected tissues.

27
Q

Give some causes of IgE mediated reactions

A 
Drug allergy
Stress
Hormones
Food allergies
Systemic illness
Genetics
28
Q

What are the main food groups that can cause allergy?

A 
Peanuts
Tree nuts
Milk
Eggs
Wheat
Soy
Fish
Shellfish
Seasame
29
Q

What are the symptoms of IgE mediated reactions?

A

Nasal symptoms: Sneezing, runny nose, nasal congestion

Eye symptoms: Itching, redness, swelling of eyelids

Oral symptoms: Discomfort in mouth, swelling of lips

Respiratory symptoms: Raspy voice, wheezing, whistling sound when breathing, coughing, difficulty breathing

Skin symptoms: Itching, hives, reddening

Digestive symptoms:
Abdominal pain, nausea, diorrhea

Shock symptoms: Loss of consciousness, lethargy, blue-white lips and/ or nails

30
Q

How does non IgE mediated asthma come about?

A

Thought to be T cell mediated
Likely to be a more complex reaction
Often skin or gut based
History based clinical diagnosis

31
Q

Give some triggers for asthma

A 
House dust mites
Pollen
Exercise
Cold weather
Pollution

Respiratory System Y1 (3 decks)

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