Mechanisms in Gastrulation Flashcards
In amphibians (frog),
______ indicates the future dorsal side
grey crescent
in amphibians (frog)
the point of entry is the future belly/ ______ side
ventral
in amphibians (frog)
the ________ is the future posterior side, usually marking the ____
blastopore, anal area
in amphibians (frog)
__________: fertilization/sperm entry
dorsoventral axis
in amphibians (frog)
__________: point of invagination and involution
anteroposterior axis
in amphibians (frog)
_______: biomarker to developmental stages
Grey crescent
in amphibians (frog)
_______: entry of sperm
ventral side
in birds
determination of ______ is through the difference in pH and charge - and + charge in the subgerminal space due to Na+ and relatively low pH induces the ventral side
dorsoventral axis
in birds
determination of dorsoventral axis is __________ due to Na+ and relatively low pH induces the ventral side
through the difference in pH and charge - and + charge in the subgerminal space
in birds
determination of dorsoventral axis is through the difference in pH and charge - and + charge in the subgerminal space due to _______
Na+ and relatively low pH induces the ventral side
in birds,
_________ is determined by the hypoblast, where it starts to form is the posterior side
anteroposterior axis
in birds,
anteroposterior axis is determined by the _____, where it starts to form is the posterior side
hypoblast
in birds,
anteroposterior axis is determined by the hypoblast, where it starts to form is the _______side
posterior
Ingression in birds is made possible by coating of_________ on the cell surface
hyaluronic acid
during ingression in birds, only _______ cells in the epiblast can ingress
HNK+ (sulfated glucuronic acid)
during ingression in birds, only HNK+ (sulfated glucuronic acid) cells in the epiblast can ______
ingress
during ingression in birds, only HNK+ (sulfated glucuronic acid) cells in the _______ can ingress
epiblast
During ingression in birds, cells change from the _______ unto ______ then into ______
epithelium, bottle-shaped cells, mesenchymal cells
in birds
_________ is the delamination of hypoblast
Anteroposterior axis
in birds,
______ is formed through the difference in pH
Dorsoventral
during dorsoventral formation,
stretching of the chordamesoderm and primitive streak anteroposteriad is due to _________ caused by cells rapidly dividing, intercalating, and spreading
convergent extension
during dorsoventral formation,
stretching of the chordamesoderm and primitive streak anteroposteriad is due to convergent extension caused by cells ______, _________, and _________
rapidly dividing, intercalating, and spreading
in birds
after the stretching of the chordamesoderm and primitive extension anteroposteriad
- ______will become the notochord
chordamesoderm
in birds
after the stretching of the chordamesoderm and primitive extension anteroposteriad
- chordamesoderm will become the notochord
- chordamesoderm ingress in the ______
Hensen’s node
in birds, during dorsoventral formation,
migrating cells interact with each other through ________
cell adhesion molecules (CAM)
what are the three cell adhesion molecules?
cadherins, CAMs of the immunoglobulin superfamily, cells that associate with substance of the extracellular matrix (fibronectin, laminin)
true or false
cadherins are permanent structures
False (not permanent)
the four CAMs of the immunoglobulin superfamily
1.N-CAMs
2. integrins
3. lectins and selectins
4. glycosyltransferases
Cells associate with substance of the extracellular matrix such as _______, ________
fibronectin, laminin
cadherins are not permanent structures. How do they function?
they mediate binding of non-junctional complexes
