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The Endocrine System > Mechanisms > Flashcards

Mechanisms Flashcards

0
Q

By ions via gap junctions

A

Direct

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1
Q

What are the Mechanisms of Intercellular Communication?

A
  • Direct
  • Paracrine
  • Endocrine
  • Synaptic
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2
Q

By Paracrine factors via the extra cellular fluid

A

Paracrine

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3
Q

By hormones via the blood circulatory system

A

Endocrine

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4
Q

By neurotransmitters across neural junctions

A

Synaptic

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5
Q

What are the Endocrine Glands

A 
Hypothalamus
Pituitary Gland
Pineal Gland
Thyroid Gland
Parathyroid Gland
Adrenal Gland 
Pancreas
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6
Q

what are the Endocrine Tissues in Organs

A 
Intestines
Kidneys
Liver
Heart
Thymus
Gonads 
Placenta 
Adipose Tissue
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7
Q

A very defined structure of Tissues are

A

Endocrine Glands

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8
Q

A group of cells that are found within organs

A

Endocrine Tissues in Organs

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9
Q

Hormones are ___ ____ of various body functions such as _____ and _____. They are ___ into and transported by the blood to affect the ____ of their ____. Hormones are ____ for certain ____ cells because hormones bind to _______ on their target ___.

A

Chemical regulators; growth; reproduction
Secreted;functions; target cells
Specific; target cell; specific receptors; cell

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10
Q 
Compounds acting as hormones are classified according to their \_\_\_\_\_\_ as:
1)
2)
3)
4) 
5)
A 
Chemical structure;
Steroids
Monoamines 
Oligopeptides
Glycoproteins
Polypeptides
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11
Q

Made from lipids or cholesterol

A

Steroids

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12
Q

Vitamin D is a

A

Steroid

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13
Q

Made from a single amino acid which is modified or repeated

A

Monoamines

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14
Q

A thyroid hormone is

A

Monoamines

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15
Q

Made from 3 - 10 amino acids

A

Oligopeptides

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16
Q

Oxytocin is what

A

Oligopeptides

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17
Q

Made from carbohydrates - proteins complexes

A

Glycoproteins

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18
Q

Luteinizing hormone

A

Glycoproteins

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19
Q

Made from 14-199 amino acids

A

Polypeptide

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20
Q

Insulin and glucagon

A

Polypeptide

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21
Q

What is a hormone receptor

A

they are protein molecules located on the cell membrane, cytoplasm, or nucleus

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22
Q

Steroid hormones bind to ____ associated with _____.

A

Nuclear receptors ; DNA transcription

23
Q

Thyroid hormones bind to _____ on ____ or ____.

A

Cytoplasmic receptors; mitochondria; ribosome

24
Q

What hormones bind to cell membrane receptors and activate second messenger systems?

A

All other hormones

25
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Has a strong attraction to water not fat

26
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Having little to no attraction to water

27
Q

When blood level of the endocrine gland hormone reach an optimum value, it inhibits secretion of the hypothalamic and anterior pituitary hormones that stimulate the endocrine gland.

A

Negative Feed back control of secretion

28
Q

When action of an endocrine gland hormone reach an optimum level, it increases the secretion of the hormone that stimulated the action.

A

Positive Feed Back control of Secretion

29
Q

What is a central area of the basal brain limbic system

A

The Hypothalamus

30
Q

The Hypothalamus consist of a large number of ____ that modify and control the body functions VIA _____.

A

Nuclei; The Hypothalamic Hormones

31
Q

What are the hypothalamic hormones

A

1) GHRH
2) GHIH
3) PRH
4) PIH
5) CRH
6) TRH
7) GnRH
8) OT

32
Q

GHRH

A

Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone

33
Q

GHIH

A

Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone (somatostatin)

34
Q

PRH

A

Prolactin Releasing Hormone

35
Q

PIH

A

Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone (Dopamine)

36
Q

CRH

A

Corticotropin releasing hormone

37
Q

TRH

A

Thyrotropin releasing hormone

38
Q

GnRH

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone

39
Q

ADH

A

Anti diuretic hormone

40
Q

OT

A

Oxytocin

41
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

A small gland that is connected to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum

42
Q

What are the two parts of the pituitary gland

A 
Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)
Posterior Pituitary (neurohypophysis)
43
Q

____ derived from the neural brain tissue and connects to hypothalamus by the hypothalamic hypophyseal tract axons

A

Posterior Pituitary

44
Q

____ derived from ectodermal tissue in the roof of the embryonic mouth and connects to the hypothalamus by the hypothalamic hypophyseal portal system

A

Anterior Pituitary

45
Q

Oxytocin OT

A

Made in the hypothalamus then stored and secreted from the posterior pituitary

46
Q

Oxytocin target tissues are the ____ of the reproductive systems in both male and females

A

Smooth muscle

47
Q

What does oxytocin stimulate

A
  • semen propelling during ejaculation
  • uterine contractions during labor
  • milk ejection during nursing
48
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) (Vasopressin)

A

Made in the hypothalamus them stored and secreted from the posterior pituitary

49
Q

ADH target tissues are ___ and ____

A

Kidneys and blood vessels

50
Q

What does ADH do

A
  • increases water reabsorption in the kidneys to increase blood volume
  • causes vasoconstriction of blood vessels to increase blood pressure
51
Q

Human Growth Hormone (hGH) secretion is controlled by hypothalamic ____ and ____

A

GHRH

GHIH

52
Q

hGH targets all cells especially where?

A

Skeletal and muscle tissues

53
Q

What does hGH stimulate

A

1) directly stimulates stem cells growth and differentiation

2) stimulates liver synthesis and release of somatomedins

54
Q

____ mediated growth hormone functions by stimulating stem cells growth and differentiation

A

Somatomedins

55
Q

What is the result of somatomedins

A

Results in growth to adulthood and maintenance of skeleton and muscles during adulthood.

The Endocrine System (3 decks)

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