Mechanisms Flashcards
Structural isomerism
Where molecules have the same molecular
formula but different structure
Stereoisomerism
Where molecules have the same molecular formula
and even sequence of bonded atoms different 3 dimensional
orientations
E-Z isomerism
Stereoisomers that occur as a result of a restricted
rotation around a carbon-carbon double pi bond. The E isomer is when
the CIP priority groups are oriented the opposite way and Z isomers are
oriented the same way
Biofuels
A type of fuel derived from renewable biological resources.
Ozone decomposition resctions
Cl’ + O3 – ClO’ + O2 and ClO’ + O3 – 2O2
+ Cl’
Nucleophilic reactants and products
Halogenoalkane
Alcohol, nitrile, amine
Nucleophiles
:OH-
:NH3
:CN-
Elimination reactants and products
Haloalkane
Alkene + water
Stages of free radical substitution
Initiation
Propagation
Termination
Hydration conditions
H3PO4 catalyst (phosphoric acid)
300 C
65 Ats
Fermentation conditions
Yeast catalysts
35 C
Hydration equation
C2H4 + H2O -> C2H5OH
Fermentation equation
C6H12O6 -> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
Free radical substitution reactions and products
Alkane -> haloalkane
Electrophilic addition reactants and products
Alkene + halogen, HBr, HOSO3H
Haloalkane
Thermal cracking conditions
700K-1200K
High pressure up to 7000kPa
No catalyst
Thermal cracking products
One Alkene
One alkane
Catalytic cracking
720K
Moderate pressure
Zeolite catalyst (aluminium silicate)
Catalytic cracking products
Cycloalkanes
Branched alkanes
Aromatic compounds
Nucleophilic substitution by OH- conditions
Aqueous solution
Room temp
Nucleophilic substitution by :CN- or :NH3 conditions
Reflux
Ethanol solvent
Elimination conditions
Ethanol solvent
NaOH or KOH
Reflux
Free radical substitution conditions
UV
400 C
How to test for a primary and secondary alcohols?
Acidified dichromate- orange to green in presence of primary/ secondary alcohols
