mechanisms

Question 1

alkene + hydrogen
conditions required?

Answer 1

alkanes
nickel catalyst and at 150 degrees celsius

Question 2

halogen + alkenes

Answer 2

dihalogenoalkanes

Question 3

what does bromine water test for? and how can you tell?

Answer 3

it tests for the presence of alkenes
-the solution goes colourless in the presence of an alkene and it forms a colourless dibromoalkane

Question 4

alkenes + steam hydration
conditions required

Answer 4

alcohol

-300 degrees celcius
-60 atm
-H3PO4 -phosphoric (v) acid catalyst (dilute)

Question 5

how does an alkene form a diol

Answer 5

it is oxidised by acidified potassium manganate (vii)

Question 6

alkenes + acidified potassium manganate (vii)

Answer 6

diol

Question 7

alkenes + hydrogen halide
type of reaction

Answer 7

halogenoalkane

addition

Question 8

hydrogen halide + unsymmetrical alkenes

what is the most stable to least stable

Answer 8

primary-least stable

secondary

tertiary-most stable

Question 9

how are the 3 ways to dispose polymers

Answer 9

buried
reused
burned

Question 10

how can you reuse polymers

Answer 10

they’re usually made from non-renewable oil fractions

you can melt and remould

you can crack down to it’s monomer to increase livestock

Question 11

burning polymers

Answer 11

heated to generate electricity
polymers that contain chlorine produce HCL when they’re burnt which is toxic

waste gases are passed through scrubbers by allowing them to react with a base

Question 12

halogenoalkanes + KOH (aqueous)

conditions

Answer 12

alcohol
-reflux
-warm KOH

Question 13

cyanide ions (potassium cyanide) + halogenoalkane

conditions

Answer 13

nitrile (increased carbon chain length)

-ethanol
-reflux

Question 14

halogenoalkanes + ammonia

conditions

Answer 14

amines

-warm halogenoalkanes
-ethanoic ammonia

Question 15

halogenoalkanes + KOH (ethanoic)

conditions

Answer 15

alkene

reflux
dissolved in ethanol

Question 16

what reacts with alcohol to produce a chloroalkanes?

Answer 16

PCL5 - products are chloroalkane + HCL + POCL3

HCL - products are chloroalkane + H20

side note the reaction is fastest with tertiary alcohols

Question 17

alcohol + kbr

conditions

Answer 17

bromoalkane

acid catalyst (50% H2SO4)

Question 18

alcohol + red phosphorus + iodine

conditions

Answer 18

iodoalkanes

reflux

Question 19

alcohol to alkene and water

Answer 19

acid catalyst
(phosphoric acid) (acidic)

heated

Question 20

nucleophile

Answer 20

electron pair donor

Question 21

electrophile

Answer 21

electron pair acceptor

Question 22

oxidation of:

primary alcohols

secondary alcohols

tertiary alcohols

Answer 22

primary alcohols-aldehyde-carboxylic acid

secondary alcohol-ketone

tertiary alcohols-no oxidation

Question 23

what do anti bumping granules do?

Answer 23

makes smaller bubbles

Question 24

test for differentiating between a ketone and a aldehyde

Answer 24

benedict’s solution or fehling’s solution.

benedict’s solution
-blue solution of copper(ll) ions dissolved in sodium carbonate

fehling’s solution
-blue solution of copper(ll) ions dissolved in sodium hydroxide

if any are heated with an aldehyde, the blue copper(ll) ions would get reduced to a brick-red precipitate of copper(l) ions

if it is heated with a ketone there will be no colour change and will remain blue as it can’t be easily oxidised