mechanisms Flashcards
alkene + hydrogen
conditions required?
alkanes
nickel catalyst and at 150 degrees celsius
halogen + alkenes
dihalogenoalkanes
what does bromine water test for? and how can you tell?
it tests for the presence of alkenes
-the solution goes colourless in the presence of an alkene and it forms a colourless dibromoalkane
alkenes + steam hydration
conditions required
alcohol
-300 degrees celcius
-60 atm
-H3PO4 -phosphoric (v) acid catalyst (dilute)
how does an alkene form a diol
it is oxidised by acidified potassium manganate (vii)
alkenes + acidified potassium manganate (vii)
diol
alkenes + hydrogen halide
type of reaction
halogenoalkane
addition
hydrogen halide + unsymmetrical alkenes
what is the most stable to least stable
primary-least stable
secondary
tertiary-most stable
how are the 3 ways to dispose polymers
buried
reused
burned
how can you reuse polymers
they’re usually made from non-renewable oil fractions
you can melt and remould
you can crack down to it’s monomer to increase livestock
burning polymers
heated to generate electricity
polymers that contain chlorine produce HCL when they’re burnt which is toxic
waste gases are passed through scrubbers by allowing them to react with a base
halogenoalkanes + KOH (aqueous)
conditions
alcohol
-reflux
-warm KOH
cyanide ions (potassium cyanide) + halogenoalkane
conditions
nitrile (increased carbon chain length)
-ethanol
-reflux
halogenoalkanes + ammonia
conditions
amines
-warm halogenoalkanes
-ethanoic ammonia
halogenoalkanes + KOH (ethanoic)
conditions
alkene
reflux
dissolved in ethanol
what reacts with alcohol to produce a chloroalkanes?
PCL5 - products are chloroalkane + HCL + POCL3
HCL - products are chloroalkane + H20
side note the reaction is fastest with tertiary alcohols
alcohol + kbr
conditions
bromoalkane
acid catalyst (50% H2SO4)
alcohol + red phosphorus + iodine
conditions
iodoalkanes
reflux
alcohol to alkene and water
acid catalyst
(phosphoric acid) (acidic)
heated
nucleophile
electron pair donor
electrophile
electron pair acceptor
oxidation of:
primary alcohols
secondary alcohols
tertiary alcohols
primary alcohols-aldehyde-carboxylic acid
secondary alcohol-ketone
tertiary alcohols-no oxidation
what do anti bumping granules do?
makes smaller bubbles
test for differentiating between a ketone and a aldehyde
benedict’s solution or fehling’s solution.
benedict’s solution
-blue solution of copper(ll) ions dissolved in sodium carbonate
fehling’s solution
-blue solution of copper(ll) ions dissolved in sodium hydroxide
if any are heated with an aldehyde, the blue copper(ll) ions would get reduced to a brick-red precipitate of copper(l) ions
if it is heated with a ketone there will be no colour change and will remain blue as it can’t be easily oxidised
