Mechanism pathways

Question 1

Alcohol > Alkene

Answer 1

Dehydration: heat with H2SO4 catalyst

Question 2

Haloalkane > Alcohol

Answer 2

Neucleophilic Sub: warm NaOH and reflux

Question 3

Aldehyde/Ketone > Alcohol

Answer 3

Reduction/Nucleophilic Sub: NaBH4 in water with methanol

Question 4

Haloalkane > Amine

Answer 4

Nucleophilic Sub: heat, ammonia, ethanol, sealed tube

Question 5

Aldehyde/Ketone > Hydroxynitrile

Answer 5

Nucleophilic Addition: acidified KCN at room temp.

Question 6

Alcohol > Aldehyde/Ketone

Answer 6

Oxidation: warm acidified K2Cr2O7, distilled

Question 7

Alkene > Haloalkane

Answer 7

Electrophilic Addition: Br2 at room temp.

Question 8

Alkene > Alkyl Hydrogensulfate

Answer 8

Electrophilic Addition: heat with H2SO4

Question 9

Alkene > Alkane

Answer 9

Addition Polymerisation: low pressure, high temp.

Question 10

Alcohol > Ester

Answer 10

Esterification: carboxylic acid, conc H2SO4 and heat.

Question 11

Haloaklane > Nitrile

Answer 11

Nucleophilic Sub: KCN, ethanol, heat and reflux

Question 12

Aldehyde > Carboxylic Acid

Answer 12

Oxidation: heat acidified K2Cr2O7 and reflux

Question 13

Amine > Amide

Answer 13

Nucleophilic Addition/Elimination: acyl chloride/acid anhydride at room temp. (and ammonia if primary amide)

Question 14

Alkane > Haloalkane

Answer 14

Free Radical Sub: Cl2 and UV light

Question 15

Nitrile > Amine

Answer 15

Reduction: LiAlH4 and dilute H2SO4.
Or 2H2 with a nickel catalyst and high temp (in industry - called Catalytic Hydrogenation)

Question 16

Alkyl Hydrogensulfate > Alcohol

Answer 16

Hydrolysis: warm water

Question 17

Alkene > Alcohol

Answer 17

Electrophilic Addition: steam at 300`C, 60atm, H3PO4 catalyst

Question 18

Haloalkane > Alkene

Answer 18

Elimination: NaOH, ethanol, reflux

Question 19

Ester > Carboxylic Acid

Answer 19

Acid Hydrolysis: dilute H2SO4 catalyst, water, reflux
Base Hydrolysis: dilute NaOH, reflux

Question 20

Benzene > Nitrobenzene

Answer 20

Electrophlic substitution, requires conc nitric acid, and sulfuric acid, which forms the nitronium ion

Question 21

Nitrobenzene to Phenylamine

Answer 21

Sn, conc. HCl, reflux then NaOH

Question 22

Fatty acids and glycerol Esterificiation

Answer 22

Makes animal fats (saturated hydrocarbon chains), or Vegetable oils ( unsaturated hydrocarbon chains)

Question 23

Hydrolysed Oils and Fats

Answer 23

Needs 3NaOH, and will form glycerol, and 3 lots of soap.

Question 24

Vegetable oils > biodiesel

Answer 24

3Methonal groups reacting with vegetable oil, with KOH catalyst Forms glycerol, and biodiesel.

Question 25

Bond dissociation enthalpy

Answer 25

The enthalpy change when one mole of a covalent bond in order to form 2 gaseous atoms.

Question 26

Enthalpy of Hydration

Answer 26

Enthalpy change when one mole of gaseous ions become aqueous ions.

Question 27

Enthalpy of solution

Answer 27

Enthalpy change when one mole of an ionic lattice, is dissolved in enough water to ensure that dissolved ions are well separated, and do not interact with one another.