Mechanics of the Foot and Ankle Flashcards
What stabilizes the tibiotalar joint?
Capsule Deltoid Ligament Anterior Tibiofibular Ligament (ATFL - Always Tears First Ligament) Calcaneofibular Ligament- CFL Posterior Talofibular Ligament - PTFL
What does the tibia articulate with, distally?
Talus - fits concave surface of tibia
What surface is the deltoid ligament on?
Medial
What does the deltoid ligament attach to?
Medial malleolus
Tuberosity of navicular
Sustentaculum tali of calcaneus
Medial tubercle of talus
What ligaments make up the deltoid ligament?
Tibionavicular
Anterior tiobiotalar
Posterior tibiotalar
Tibiocalcaneal ligaments
What usually happens before deltoid ligament is ruptured?
Bony injury - fracture
What does the anterior tibiofibular ligament attach to?
lateral malleolus
neck and lateral articular facet of the talus
What does the calcaneofibular ligament attach to?
lateral malleolus
tubercle of lateral surface of calcaneus
What does the posterior talofibular ligament attach to?
lateral malleolus
lateral tubercle of the posterior process of talus
What are the major motions of the ankle?
Plantar flexion - up to 50 degrees
Dorisflexion - up to 20 degrees
What are the minor motions of the ankle?
side-to-side glide
rotation
abduction
adduction - only if joint is plantar flexed
Where is the ankle most stable?
dorsiflexion
What muscles mediate plantar flexion of the ankle?
Mostly:
gastrocnemius
soleus
Also: plantaris tibialis posterior flexor hallucis longus flexor digitorum longus
What muscles mediate dorsiflexion of the ankle?
Mostly:
tibialis anterior
Also:
extensor digitorum longus
extensor hallucis longus
What glide of the talus do you get with plantar flexion?
Anterior
What glide of the talus do you get with dorsiflexion?
Posterior
What does the talus sit on?
The calcaneus
How many talocalcaneal articulations are there?
2 - concave convex articulations
What are the major calcaneal motions?
Abduction - valgus
Adduction - varus
both in relation to a fixed talus
What does the talus articulate with?
Other than the calcaneus, navicular
What else does the calcaneus articulate with?
Cuboid
What mediates motion of the hindfoot?
Combined motions of these joints:
Talocalcaneal/subtalar
talonavicular
calcaneocuboid
What joints are changed with inversion of the hindfoot?
Medial rotation of calcaneus and navicular bones
Cuboid rotates down on calcaneus
What does inversion do to the arch of the foot?
Increases the height
Accented by plantar flexion
What muscles are used in inversion of the foot?
tibialis anterior and posterior
What joints are changed with eversion of the hindfoot?
Lateral rotation of calcaneus
Lateral rotation of navicular
Cuboid rotates upward on calcaneus
What does eversion do to the arch of the foot?
Decreases height of median arch
What muscles do eversion of the foot?
Fibularis longus and brevis
What region of the foot is the midfoot?
Between transverse tarsal joint and tarsometatarsal joint
What motions dictate pronation?
Eversion
Dorsiflexion
Abduction - calcaneus and foot
What motions dictate supination?
Inversion
plantar flexion
Adduction - calcaneus and foot
What region of the foot is the forefoot?
Anterior to tarsometatarsal joints
What are the primary motions of the tarsometatarsal joints?
Flexion and extension
What are the primary motions of the metatarsals and phalanges?
Adduction and abduction