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Physics > MECHANICS > Flashcards

MECHANICS Flashcards

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Physics 101 flashcards AP® Physics flashcards
1
Q

work

A

work is done when a force moves an object through a distance
work = force x distance
W = fd

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2
Q

energy

A

the ability to do work

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3
Q

the principle of conservation of energy

A

states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can only be converted from one form to another

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4
Q

kinetic energy

A

the energy a body has due to its motion

Ek = 1/2mv^2

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5
Q

potential energy

A

the energy a body has due to its height or position

Ep = mgh

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6
Q

mass

A

mass should be treated as a form of energy. the energy contained within a mass, m is given by
E = mc^2
a measure of how difficult it is to accelerate that body

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7
Q

power

A
  1. the rate at which work is done
  2. the rate at which energy is converted from one form into another
    power = energy / time
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8
Q

efficiency

A

efficiency = output / input x 100

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9
Q

scalar

A

only have magnitude

e.g. mass, length, time

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10
Q

vector

A

have both magnitude and direction

e.g. velocity, acceleration, displacement

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11
Q

measurement of velocity and acceleration

A

ticker-tapes or light gates

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12
Q

velocity time graph

A

slope = acceleration

area under graph = distance travelled

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13
Q

speed

A

the rate of change of distance with respect to time

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14
Q

displacement

A

distance in a given direction

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15
Q

velocity

A

the rate of change of displacement with respect to time

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16
Q

acceleration

A

the rate of change of velocity with respect to time

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17
Q

equations of motion

A
  1. v = u+at
  2. s = ut + 1/2 at^2
  3. v^2 = u^2 + 2as
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18
Q

force

A

anything that causes an acceleration

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19
Q

the newton

A

the force that gives a mass of 1kg an acceleration of 1ms^-2

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20
Q

weight

A

the force of the earths gravity acting on an object

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21
Q

newtons 1st law of motion

A

every body will remain in a state of rest or travelling with a constant velocity unless an unbalanced force acts on it

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22
Q

newtons 2nd law of motion

A

when an unbalanced force acts on a body the rate of change of the bodys momentum is directly proportional to the force and takes place in the direction of the force

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23
Q

newtons 3rd law of motion

A

if body A exerts a force on body B, the body B exerts an equal but opposite force on body A. i.e action and reaction are equal but opposite

24
Q

force & momentum

A

F = mv-mu/t i.e. force is equal to the rate of change of momentum

25
Q

momentum

A

the product of a bodys mass and velocity

p = mv

26
Q

friction

A

a force which tends to oppose motion.

27
Q

principle of conservation of momentum

A

states that in any interaction between bodies, the total momentum before the interaction will equal the total momentum after the interaction, provided no external forces act upon the bodies.
m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2

28
Q

density

A

the density of an object is its mass per unit volume

29
Q

pressure

A

force per unit area

pressure = force / area

30
Q

pascal (Pa)

A

1 pascal = 1 newton per square metre

31
Q

pressure in a liquid

A 
P = pgh 
h = depth of water 
g = acceleration due to gravity 
p = density
32
Q

archimedes principle

A

states that when an object is partially or completely immersed in a fluid it experiences an upthrust equal in magnitude to the weight of the fluid displaced

33
Q

law of flotation

A

states that the weight of a floating body is equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces

34
Q

boyles law

A

states that at constant temperature the volume of a fixed mass of gas is inversely proportional to its pressure

35
Q

newtons law of universal gravitation

A

states that any two point masses in the universe attract each other with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
F = Gm1m2/d^2
G = universal gravitational constant

36
Q

circular motion

A

an object in circular motion has a linear velocity, v, and an angular velocity
ω = θ/t

37
Q

period

A

T = 2π / ω

38
Q

centripetal acceleration

A

the acceleration of a body in circular motion. its direction is towards the centre of the circle
a = rω^2 // a= v^2/r

39
Q

centripetal force

A

the force on a body in circular motion. its direction is towards the centre of the circle. the reaction to this force is away from the centre of the circle and is known as the centrifugal force

40
Q

simple harmonic motion

A

any motion where the acceleration (a) of a particle is proportional to its distance (s) from an equilibrium position
a = -ω^2s

41
Q

hookes law

A

states that when an object is bent, stretched or compressed by a displacement s, the restoring force f is directly proportional to the displacement - provided the elastic limit is not exceeded.
F = -ks

42
Q

moment of a force

A

the moment of a force about an axis is equal to the magnitude of the force multiplied by the perpendicular distance from the axis to the line of action of the force

43
Q

couple

A

created by two parallel forces with the same magnitude acting in opposite directions

44
Q

conditions for equilibrium

A
  1. the sum of the force in any direction equals the sum of the forces in the opposite direction
  2. the sum of the moments about any point is zero
45
Q

explain the distinction between speed and velocity

A

velocity is speed in a given direction

46
Q

acceleration due to gravity

A

it is the acceleration of an object which is in freefall due to the gravitational pull of the earth

47
Q

why does the value of g, the acceleration due to gravity, vary at different locations on the surface of the earth?

A

locations are at different distances from the earth’s centre

48
Q

why is the acceleration due to gravity on the moon less than on earth

A

the mass of the moon is less than the mass of the earth

49
Q

forces acting on a cheetah when its running

A

air resistence,
gravity
friction

50
Q

instrument used to measure pressure

A

barometre

51
Q

factors which effect the size of the gravitational force between two bodies

A

mass of the objects

distance between them

52
Q

relationship between acceleration due to gravity, g and the distance from the centre of the earth

A

g is proportional to 1/d^2

53
Q

why is it easier to turn a nut using a longer spanner than a shorter one

A

the distance from the fulcrum is greater therefore there is a greater turning effect

54
Q

factors on which the potential energy of a body depends

A

mass
acceleration due to gravity
height

55
Q

why is a fluorescent tube an efficient source of light

A

most of the electrical energy s converted to light energy

56
Q

relationship between the period of the moon and the radius of its orbit

A

the period squared is proportional to the radius cubed

57
Q

A body is said to be moving with simple harmonic motion if:

A

I. It’s acceleration is directly proportional to its distance from a fixed point on its path
II. It’s acceleration is always directed towards that point

Physics (6 decks)

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