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Physiology md2 > Mechanical properties of the heart, starlings’ law: > Flashcards

Mechanical properties of the heart, starlings’ law: Flashcards

1
Q

Elements of contraction: What are the element of contraction

A
  • CC (contractile elements)
  • SEC (serial elastic component)
  • PEC (parallel elastic component)
  • Col (collagen fiber system)
  • Isometric phase
  • Isotonic phase
  • The collagen fibers
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2
Q

Elements of contraction: CC name and example

A

contractile component: Actin and myosin

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3
Q

Elements of contraction: SEC name

A

serial elastic component:

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4
Q

Elements of contraction: SEC explain

A

serial elastic component: Attached to CC, relaxes during diastole and is expanded during systole.

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5
Q

Elements of contraction: PEC name

A

parallel elastic component

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6
Q

Elements of contraction: PEC explain

A

parallel elastic component: Attached to CC and to the SEC. Stretched by the blood filling heart during diastole

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7
Q

Elements of contraction: Col name

A

collagen fiber system:

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8
Q

Elements of contraction: Col explain

A

collagen fiber system: Overexpansion and rupture of the tissue is prevented by the rich collagen fiber system.

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9
Q

Elements of contraction: Isometric phase explain

A

At the beginning of the contraction the weight stretches the SEC elements only.

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10
Q

Elements of contraction: Isotonic phase:

A

When the stretch in the SEC gets into balance with the weight, the weight begins to move.

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11
Q

Collagen fibre explain

A

collagen fibers are
expanded and display maximal resistance to prevent rupture.

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12
Q

When do low performances occur in single working fibre

A

at short sarcomeric lengths which then
increases when the sarcomeric length is increased

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13
Q

Optimal position for both heart and skeletal muscle in single working fibre

A

1,9-2,5 micrometer sarcomeric lengths.

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14
Q

Entry of Calcium to sarcomeric space …..
( in single working fibre)

A

The entry of the calcium into the sarcomeric space is length dependent in the heart muscle.

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15
Q

Properties of the total working musculature: What is the law of the heart by Starling and Frank

A

The heart muscle can adapt itself to higher requirements automatically, without the intervention of the nervous system.

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16
Q

Properties of the total working musculature: Volume fraction ( total working musculature)

A

During contraction and relaxation the heart empties a part of its blood content towards the circulatory bed and then takes up blood from the periphery. The emptying is not complete: the remaining fraction is of big importance in the adaption.

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17
Q

Properties of the total working musculature:
The amount of blood found in the heart by the end of diastole is called

A

end diastolic volume (EDV)

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18
Q

Properties of the total working musculature: end diastolic volume (EDV)

A

The amount of blood found in the heart by the end of diastole is called

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19
Q

Properties of the total working musculature: The amount of blood remaining in the heart by the end of systole is called

A

end systolic volume (ESV)

20
Q

Properties of the total working musculature: end systolic volume (ESV)

A

The amount of blood remaining in the heart by the end of systole is called

21
Q

Properties of the total working musculature: The difference between ESV and EDV is called

A

stroke volume (SV), this volume fraction passes into the aorta at each cycle.

22
Q

Properties of the total working musculature: What is cardiac output

A

Cardiac output = volume of blood forwarded by the left ventricle into the aorta per unit time.

23
Q

Properties of the total working musculature: Cardiac output equation:

A

CO = SV (stroke volume) x FR (frequency)

24
Q

Properties of the total working musculature: SV=

A

SV=EDV-ESV

25
Q

Properties of the total working musculature: Measuring cardiac output:

A

Cardiac output is equal to the total oxygen consumption divided by the arterio-venous oxygen concentration difference.

26
Q

Properties of the total working musculature: what does the Fick’s principle measure

A

Measuring cardiac output

27
Q

Starlings experiment: what is it and what did it prove?

A

First he increased the venous return, then he changed the peripheral resistance. Proved that the heart can adapt to the increased load.

28
Q

Starlings experiment: what does it explain

A

By increased venous return= the cardiac output and stroke volume increased.
By changing the peripheral resistance= the stroke volume and cardiac output stay the same (because EDV and ESV increases proportionally)

29
Q

Starlings experiment: Physiological importance

A

The heart can increase its diastolic reserves so that it can perform better:

30
Q

the work of the heart: The total work of the heart is composed

A

The total work of the heart is composed of outer work (mechanical work) and inner work (heat production):

31
Q

the work of the heart: The total work of the heart equation

A

Wt= Wo + Wi

32
Q

the work of the heart: outer work of the heart equation word

A

the product of the stroke volume times the pressure difference between the aorta and the vena cava (∆P)

33
Q

the work of the heart: outer work of the heart equation letter

A

Wo = SV x ∆P

34
Q

the work of the heart: how does the heart gain its energy

A

heart gains its energy purely from the oxidative processes

35
Q

the work of the heart: the total work of the heart can be determined by equation word

A

measuring the total oxygen consumption of the tissue

36
Q

the work of the heart: the total work of the heart can be determined by equation letter

A

Wt = oxygen consumption x energy equivalent of O2.

37
Q

the work of the heart: How to calculate the efficiency of the heart

A

Knowing Wo and Wt the efficiency (E) of the heart can also be calculated: E = Wo/Wt

38
Q

Rushmer diagram: what is it?

A

Analyses the work of the heart in the pressure-volume coordinate system.

39
Q

Rushmer diagram: 1

A

Mitral valve close, isovolumetric contraction

40
Q

Rushmer diagram: 2

A

Aortic valves open, ejection phase

41
Q

Rushmer diagram: 3

A

Semilunar valves close, isovolumetric relaxation

42
Q

Rushmer diagram: 4

A

Mitral valves open, filling.

43
Q

Performance of the heart: equation words

A

Performance = work/time

44
Q

Performance of the heart: equation letter

A

W/t = PxV/t

45
Q

Performance of the heart: equation explain

A

Since the heart maintains a close to constant peripheral pressure (constant P), the performance (W/t) is mainly determined by the volume flow.

Physiology md2 (10 decks)

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