MEC322: Taxonomy Flashcards
Cells are made up of…..
Molecules
Tissue consist of……
Similar types of cells
Organs are made up of….
Different types of tissue
Organ systems consist of…
Different organs that work together closely
What does the chemical level include?
Atoms and molecules
What is an atom?
The smallest unit of matter that participate in chemical reactions
What is a molecule?
Two or more atoms joined together
What are cells?
The basic structural and functional units of an organism
What are tissues?
Groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function.
Cells join together to form tissues
What are the four basic tissue types?
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
What are organs?
Organs are composed of two or more different types of tissue, and have specific functions
What is a system?
Related organs that have a common function
What is an organism?
All of the systems of the body combine to make up an organism
What are the 11 organ systems?
Integumentary System (skin) Skeletal System Muscular System Nervous System Endocrine System Cardiovascular system Lymphatic System Respiratory System Digestive System Urinary System Reproductive System
What are the life processes?
Responsiveness Growth Reproduction Movement Metabolism
What is responsiveness?
Doing something in response to a change in the immediate environment
Also called irritability
What is adaptability?
Capacity to make longer–term adjustments
What is growth?
An increase in organism size accomplished by:
Growth of cells or
Addition of new cells
Differentiation
Process of individual cells becoming specialized for particular functions
What is reproduction?
Creation of new generations of similar organisms
What is movement?
May be internal or external
Internal: transporting blood, food, or other material within the body
External: moving through the environment
What is metabolism?
Sum total of all chemical operations in the body
Cells use materials absorbed from the environment for energy
Nutrients from food
Oxygen
More complex organisms require specialized structures and systems for metabolic processes
eg/ Respiration: Absorption, transport and use of oxygen by cells
Digestion: Breaking down complex foods into simpler compounds that can be absorbed
Excretion: Eliminating waste products generated by metabolic operations
What is homeostasis?
The maintenance of relatively stable conditions, this ensures that the body’s internal environment remains constant despite changes inside and outside the body.
Homeostasis is maintained by means of many feedback systems.
Which two systems is the body mainly controlled by?
the nervous system and the endocrine system
What does the nervous system do?
it detects changes from the balanced state and sends messages in the form of nerve impulses to organs that can counteract the change.
What does the endocrine system do?
It corrects changes by secreting molecules called hormones into the blood.
What is a feedback system/loop?
A cycle of events in which a condition in the body is continually monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored or reevaluated
What are the three basic components of a feedback system?
a receptor, a control center, an effector
What is a negative feedback system?
A negative feedback system reverses a change in a controlled condition. Example: regulation of blood pressure.
What is a positive feedback system?
a positive feedback system tends to strengthen or reinforce a change in one of the body’s controlled conditions. Example: normal childbirth.
What is the anatomical position?
when the subject stands erect facing the observer, with the head level and the eyes facing forward.
The lower limbs are parallel and the feet are flat on the floor and directed forward, and the upper limbs are at the sides with the palms turned forward
What is Prone?
The body lying face down
What is supine?
the body lying face up
What are the five major body regions?
Head Neck Trunk Upper limbs Lower limbs
What does superior mean?
Towards the head, or the upper part of a structure
Eg/ the heart is superior to the liver
What does inferior mean?
Away from the head, or the lower part of a structure
What does anterior mean?
Nearer to the front of the body
What does posterior mean?
Nearer to the back of the body
What does medial mean?
Nearer to the midline, an imaginary vertical line that divides the body into equal right and left sides
What does lateral mean?
Farther from the midline or midsagittal plane
What does intermediate mean?
Between two structures
What does ipsilateral mean?
on the same side of the body as another structure
What does contralateral mean?
On the opposite side of the body from another structure
What does proximal mean?
Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk: nearer to the origination of a structure
What does distal mean?
Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk: farther from the origination of a structure
What does superficial mean?
Towards or on the surface of the body
What does deep mean?
Away from the surface of the body
What are the four major planes?
Sagittal plane
Frontal plane
Transverse plane
Oblique plane
What is the sagittal plane?
a vertical plane that divides the body or an organ into right and left sides.
(when it passes through the midline its called midsagittal)
(when it splits the body into unequal parts its called parasagittal)
What is the frontal plane?
Frontal plane or coronal plane divides the body or an organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.
What is the transverse plane?
Transverse plane divides the body or an organ into superior and inferior portions. This plane may also be called a cross-sectional plane.
What is the oblique plane?
Oblique plane passes through the body or an organ at an angle between the other planes.
What are the two major body cavities?
Dorsal and Ventral
What do body cavities do?
Body cavities provide varying degrees of protection to organs within them
What are the subdivisions of the dorsal cavity?
Cranial cavity: Houses the brain Protected by the skull Spinal cavity: Houses the spinal cord Protected by the vertebrae
What are the subdivisions of the ventral cavity?
Thoracic cavity:
Cavity superior to the diaphragm
Houses heart, lungs, and other organs
Mediastinum, the central region, houses heart, trachea, and other organs
Abdominopelvic cavity:
Cavity inferior to the diaphragm
Superior abdominal cavity contains the stomach, liver, and other organs
Protected only by trunk muscles
Inferior pelvic cavity contains reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum
Protected somewhat by bony pelvis
No physical structure separates abdominal from pelvic cavities
What does a receptor do?
detects a change
What does an effector do?
feeds back to reduce the effect of stimulus and returns variable to homeostatic level
What is an afferent pathway?
input information from receptor is sent along afferent pathway to control centre
What is the efferent pathway?
output information sent from control centre to effector
