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Third Year > MEC322: Taxonomy > Flashcards

MEC322: Taxonomy Flashcards

1
Q

Cells are made up of…..

A

Molecules

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2
Q

Tissue consist of……

A

Similar types of cells

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3
Q

Organs are made up of….

A

Different types of tissue

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4
Q

Organ systems consist of…

A

Different organs that work together closely

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5
Q

What does the chemical level include?

A

Atoms and molecules

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6
Q

What is an atom?

A

The smallest unit of matter that participate in chemical reactions

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7
Q

What is a molecule?

A

Two or more atoms joined together

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8
Q

What are cells?

A

The basic structural and functional units of an organism

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9
Q

What are tissues?

A

Groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function.
Cells join together to form tissues

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10
Q

What are the four basic tissue types?

A

Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue

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11
Q

What are organs?

A

Organs are composed of two or more different types of tissue, and have specific functions

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12
Q

What is a system?

A

Related organs that have a common function

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13
Q

What is an organism?

A

All of the systems of the body combine to make up an organism

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14
Q

What are the 11 organ systems?

A 
Integumentary System (skin)
Skeletal System
Muscular System
Nervous System
Endocrine System
Cardiovascular system
Lymphatic System
Respiratory System
Digestive System
Urinary System
Reproductive System
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15
Q

What are the life processes?

A 
Responsiveness
Growth
Reproduction
Movement
Metabolism
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16
Q

What is responsiveness?

A

Doing something in response to a change in the immediate environment
Also called irritability

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17
Q

What is adaptability?

A

Capacity to make longer–term adjustments

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18
Q

What is growth?

A

An increase in organism size accomplished by:
Growth of cells or
Addition of new cells
Differentiation
Process of individual cells becoming specialized for particular functions

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19
Q

What is reproduction?

A

Creation of new generations of similar organisms

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20
Q

What is movement?

A

May be internal or external
Internal: transporting blood, food, or other material within the body
External: moving through the environment

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21
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Sum total of all chemical operations in the body
Cells use materials absorbed from the environment for energy
Nutrients from food
Oxygen
More complex organisms require specialized structures and systems for metabolic processes

eg/ Respiration: Absorption, transport and use of oxygen by cells
Digestion: Breaking down complex foods into simpler compounds that can be absorbed
Excretion: Eliminating waste products generated by metabolic operations

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22
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The maintenance of relatively stable conditions, this ensures that the body’s internal environment remains constant despite changes inside and outside the body.
Homeostasis is maintained by means of many feedback systems.

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23
Q

Which two systems is the body mainly controlled by?

A

the nervous system and the endocrine system

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24
Q

What does the nervous system do?

A

it detects changes from the balanced state and sends messages in the form of nerve impulses to organs that can counteract the change.

25
Q

What does the endocrine system do?

A

It corrects changes by secreting molecules called hormones into the blood.

26
Q

What is a feedback system/loop?

A

A cycle of events in which a condition in the body is continually monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored or reevaluated

27
Q

What are the three basic components of a feedback system?

A

a receptor, a control center, an effector

28
Q

What is a negative feedback system?

A

A negative feedback system reverses a change in a controlled condition. Example: regulation of blood pressure.

29
Q

What is a positive feedback system?

A

a positive feedback system tends to strengthen or reinforce a change in one of the body’s controlled conditions. Example: normal childbirth.

30
Q

What is the anatomical position?

A

when the subject stands erect facing the observer, with the head level and the eyes facing forward.
The lower limbs are parallel and the feet are flat on the floor and directed forward, and the upper limbs are at the sides with the palms turned forward

31
Q

What is Prone?

A

The body lying face down

32
Q

What is supine?

A

the body lying face up

33
Q

What are the five major body regions?

A 
Head
Neck
Trunk
Upper limbs
Lower limbs
34
Q

What does superior mean?

A

Towards the head, or the upper part of a structure

Eg/ the heart is superior to the liver

35
Q

What does inferior mean?

A

Away from the head, or the lower part of a structure

36
Q

What does anterior mean?

A

Nearer to the front of the body

37
Q

What does posterior mean?

A

Nearer to the back of the body

38
Q

What does medial mean?

A

Nearer to the midline, an imaginary vertical line that divides the body into equal right and left sides

39
Q

What does lateral mean?

A

Farther from the midline or midsagittal plane

40
Q

What does intermediate mean?

A

Between two structures

41
Q

What does ipsilateral mean?

A

on the same side of the body as another structure

42
Q

What does contralateral mean?

A

On the opposite side of the body from another structure

43
Q

What does proximal mean?

A

Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk: nearer to the origination of a structure

44
Q

What does distal mean?

A

Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk: farther from the origination of a structure

45
Q

What does superficial mean?

A

Towards or on the surface of the body

46
Q

What does deep mean?

A

Away from the surface of the body

47
Q

What are the four major planes?

A

Sagittal plane
Frontal plane
Transverse plane
Oblique plane

48
Q

What is the sagittal plane?

A

a vertical plane that divides the body or an organ into right and left sides.
(when it passes through the midline its called midsagittal)
(when it splits the body into unequal parts its called parasagittal)

49
Q

What is the frontal plane?

A

Frontal plane or coronal plane divides the body or an organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.

50
Q

What is the transverse plane?

A

Transverse plane divides the body or an organ into superior and inferior portions. This plane may also be called a cross-sectional plane.

51
Q

What is the oblique plane?

A

Oblique plane passes through the body or an organ at an angle between the other planes.

52
Q

What are the two major body cavities?

A

Dorsal and Ventral

53
Q

What do body cavities do?

A

Body cavities provide varying degrees of protection to organs within them

54
Q

What are the subdivisions of the dorsal cavity?

A 
Cranial cavity:
Houses the brain
Protected by the skull
Spinal cavity:
Houses the spinal cord
Protected by the vertebrae
55
Q

What are the subdivisions of the ventral cavity?

A

Thoracic cavity:
Cavity superior to the diaphragm
Houses heart, lungs, and other organs
Mediastinum, the central region, houses heart, trachea, and other organs

Abdominopelvic cavity:
Cavity inferior to the diaphragm
Superior abdominal cavity contains the stomach, liver, and other organs
Protected only by trunk muscles
Inferior pelvic cavity contains reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum
Protected somewhat by bony pelvis
No physical structure separates abdominal from pelvic cavities

56
Q

What does a receptor do?

A

detects a change

57
Q

What does an effector do?

A

feeds back to reduce the effect of stimulus and returns variable to homeostatic level

58
Q

What is an afferent pathway?

A

input information from receptor is sent along afferent pathway to control centre

59
Q

What is the efferent pathway?

A

output information sent from control centre to effector

Third Year (12 decks)

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