measuring renal function

Question 1

what are the abnormal constituents of urine

Answer 1

glucose
blood
protein
ketones
cells

Question 2

what is urine

Answer 2

output of the kidney

Question 3

what is the volume of normal urine output

Answer 3

2mls/kg/hr

Question 4

what is anuria

Answer 4

no urine flow

Question 5

what is the volume for polyuria

Answer 5

over 2mls/kg/hr

Question 6

what is the volume for oliguira

Answer 6

1ml/kg/hr

Question 7

what is isothernuria

Answer 7

when urine concentration has a specific gravity of 1.008 - 1.012

Question 8

what are kidneys essential in regulation of

Answer 8

potassium, calcium, phosphate, bicarbonate and acid - base status

Question 9

under normal circumstances in the kidney what is there net secretion of

Answer 9

phosphate, potassium and protons

Question 10

under normal circumstances in the kidney what is there 100% reabsorption of

Answer 10

bicarbonate and glucose

Question 11

how to know if animal is azotaemic

Answer 11

if urea and creatine are increased above normal values

Question 12

what can reduced GFR be caused by other than kidney (renal) disease

Answer 12

reduced blood pressure
dehydration
CV disease

Question 13

what causes renal azotaemia

Answer 13

renal disease

Question 14

difference between pre-renal and renal azotaemia

Answer 14

animal is able to concentrate urine with pre renal but in renal animal is not able to produce much urine or not able to concentrate urine

Question 15

cause of pre-renal azotaemia

Answer 15

reduced blood supply to the kidney

Question 16

cause of post renal azotaemia

Answer 16

blockage of urine flow below the kidneys eg ruptured bladder

Question 17

what happens in acute kidney injury

Answer 17

rapid life-threatening impairment in kidney function
GFR is reduced and loss in ability to concentrate urine
urine output can be zero, reduced or increased

Question 18

what happens in chronic kidney disease

Answer 18

long term progressive loss of kidney function
GFR is reduced and loss in ability to concentrate urine
urine output INCREASED

Question 19

blood biochemistry of kidney disease

Answer 19

increase in concentration of nitrogenous waste products
increase in concentration of inorganic phosphate
increase in blood concentration of potassium
decrease in concentration of bicarbonate

Question 20

what does decreased concentration of bicarbonate cause

Answer 20

metabolic acidosis

Question 21

concentration of potassium in anorexic animals

Answer 21

hypokalaemic