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Year 2 I&P > Measuring Population Health > Flashcards

Measuring Population Health Flashcards

1
Q

What is the world population?

A

7.3 billion (approx.)

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2
Q

What is the life expectancy in the UK?

A

Males: 74.1
Females: 79.5

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3
Q

What is period life expectancy?

A

Life expectancy at a given age for an area based on mortality rates in that year
- doesn’t consider later changes in mortality

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4
Q

What is Cohort life expectancy?

A

Age-specific mortality rates that consider predicted mortality rate changes
- regarded as a more appropriate predictor of how long someone will live

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5
Q

What does a wide base on a population pyramid show?

A

Rapid growth (eg. Ethiopia)

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6
Q

What does a narrow base on a population pyramid show?

A

Slow growth (eg. USA) / decrease (eg. Italy)

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7
Q

What is natural increase?

A

The difference between birth and death rate

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8
Q

What are the 5 processers studied by demographers?

A 
Mortality
Fertility
Marriage
Migration
Social mobility
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9
Q

What is demographic transition (health transition framework)?

A

Transition from high birth and death rates to low ones as a country becomes industrialised

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10
Q

`What are the 4 stages of demographic transition?

A

STAGE 1 - high birth & death rates (»stable population)
STAGE 2 - ^ population due to decreasing death rates (sanitation, development, etc)
STAGE 3 - decreasing birth rate (education, urbanisation, etc.)
STAGE 4 - birth rate joins death rate&raquo_space; stable population

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11
Q

What does the epidemiological transition refer to and what are the 3 stages?

A

Long term change in sickness & disability
STAGE 1 - era of low life expectancy (malnutrition, disease, childbirth)
STAGE 2 - era of pandemics
STAGE 3 - era of non communicable diseases (low fertility rates, population growth, CV disease and cancer)

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12
Q

What is the fourth stage of the epidemiological transition?

A

Era of degenerative disease (preventative advances postpones degenerative disease&raquo_space; older ages)

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13
Q

What are the 2 main changes that influence population trends and what also plays a role?

A

Fertility & mortality

-migration also plays a role

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14
Q

What is the general fertility ratio?

A

Number of births per 1000 women of childbearing age

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15
Q

What is replacement fertility?

A

Bearing sufficient children to replace those in the population who die (2.1 children per woman)

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16
Q

What does the term below replacement fertility mean?

A

Where a population bears insufficient children to replace those people who die

17
Q

What is population ageing?

A

An increasing number of old people compared to young people in a population

18
Q

What is the health transition framework?

A

The way in which the world’s health needs have changed / are changing

19
Q

What are DALYs?

A

Disability Adjusted Life Year

20
Q

What are sex ratios?

A

The ratio of males to females

generally 105-106 : 100

21
Q

What is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A

Hierarchy of basic physiological needs for human life:
>Physiological (eg. food, sleep)
>Safety (eg. job, family)
> Love/belonging (eg. friends)
> Esteem (eg. confidence, achievement)
> Self-actualisation (eg. creativity, morality)

22
Q

What is Bradshaw’s taxonomy?

A

Describes the 4 different types of social need;

-normative, comparative, felt & expressed

23
Q

What is normative need?

A

Need identified according to a norm (eg. means-tested benefits)

24
Q

What is comparative need?

A

Problems due to comparisons with others who are not in need (eg. identifying deprived areas)

25
Q

What is felt need?

A

A need which people feel (from own perspective)

26
Q

What is expressed need?

A

A need that people say they have

27
Q

What is health needs assessment(HNA)?

A

Reviewing health issues&raquo_space; resource allocation & prioritising.
-Focus on equity

28
Q

What 3 factors affect health access?

A

Need, supply & demand

29
Q

What factors affect need?

A

Incidence, prevalence, genetics, lifestyle

30
Q

What factors affect supply?

A

Politics, historical patterns

31
Q

What factors affect demand?

A

Media, social & education influences

32
Q

A example of there being a need but no supply or demand?

A

Contraception in developing countries

33
Q

Name some typical stakeholders (people with an interest) in health needs assessment.

A
  • Public/patients
  • NHS
  • Government
  • Comissioners
34
Q

Why is it important to involve stakeholders? (3)

A
  • Expertise & resources
  • ^ chance recommendations will be accepted
  • Opportunity for future collaborations
35
Q

What are the 3 types of health needs assessment?

A
  • Epidemiological
  • Comparative
  • Corporate
36
Q

What is epidemiological assessment?

A

Measure health status of population

  • Compare person, time and place (eg. hospital admissions)
  • Expensive
37
Q

What is comparative assessment?

A

Comparing with service provisions in similar populations

38
Q

What is corporate assessment?

A

Asking experts

39
Q

How many deaths were there in England and Wales in 2014? What were the 2 main causes?

A

501, 424

-neoplasms & circulatory disease

Year 2 I&P (4 decks)

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