Measuring Population Health Flashcards
What is the world population?
7.3 billion (approx.)
What is the life expectancy in the UK?
Males: 74.1
Females: 79.5
What is period life expectancy?
Life expectancy at a given age for an area based on mortality rates in that year
- doesn’t consider later changes in mortality
What is Cohort life expectancy?
Age-specific mortality rates that consider predicted mortality rate changes
- regarded as a more appropriate predictor of how long someone will live
What does a wide base on a population pyramid show?
Rapid growth (eg. Ethiopia)
What does a narrow base on a population pyramid show?
Slow growth (eg. USA) / decrease (eg. Italy)
What is natural increase?
The difference between birth and death rate
What are the 5 processers studied by demographers?
Mortality Fertility Marriage Migration Social mobility
What is demographic transition (health transition framework)?
Transition from high birth and death rates to low ones as a country becomes industrialised
`What are the 4 stages of demographic transition?
STAGE 1 - high birth & death rates (»stable population)
STAGE 2 - ^ population due to decreasing death rates (sanitation, development, etc)
STAGE 3 - decreasing birth rate (education, urbanisation, etc.)
STAGE 4 - birth rate joins death rate»_space; stable population
What does the epidemiological transition refer to and what are the 3 stages?
Long term change in sickness & disability
STAGE 1 - era of low life expectancy (malnutrition, disease, childbirth)
STAGE 2 - era of pandemics
STAGE 3 - era of non communicable diseases (low fertility rates, population growth, CV disease and cancer)
What is the fourth stage of the epidemiological transition?
Era of degenerative disease (preventative advances postpones degenerative disease»_space; older ages)
What are the 2 main changes that influence population trends and what also plays a role?
Fertility & mortality
-migration also plays a role
What is the general fertility ratio?
Number of births per 1000 women of childbearing age
What is replacement fertility?
Bearing sufficient children to replace those in the population who die (2.1 children per woman)
What does the term below replacement fertility mean?
Where a population bears insufficient children to replace those people who die
What is population ageing?
An increasing number of old people compared to young people in a population
What is the health transition framework?
The way in which the world’s health needs have changed / are changing
What are DALYs?
Disability Adjusted Life Year
What are sex ratios?
The ratio of males to females
generally 105-106 : 100
What is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
Hierarchy of basic physiological needs for human life:
>Physiological (eg. food, sleep)
>Safety (eg. job, family)
> Love/belonging (eg. friends)
> Esteem (eg. confidence, achievement)
> Self-actualisation (eg. creativity, morality)
What is Bradshaw’s taxonomy?
Describes the 4 different types of social need;
-normative, comparative, felt & expressed
What is normative need?
Need identified according to a norm (eg. means-tested benefits)
What is comparative need?
Problems due to comparisons with others who are not in need (eg. identifying deprived areas)
What is felt need?
A need which people feel (from own perspective)
What is expressed need?
A need that people say they have
What is health needs assessment(HNA)?
Reviewing health issues»_space; resource allocation & prioritising.
-Focus on equity
What 3 factors affect health access?
Need, supply & demand
What factors affect need?
Incidence, prevalence, genetics, lifestyle
What factors affect supply?
Politics, historical patterns
What factors affect demand?
Media, social & education influences
A example of there being a need but no supply or demand?
Contraception in developing countries
Name some typical stakeholders (people with an interest) in health needs assessment.
- Public/patients
- NHS
- Government
- Comissioners
Why is it important to involve stakeholders? (3)
- Expertise & resources
- ^ chance recommendations will be accepted
- Opportunity for future collaborations
What are the 3 types of health needs assessment?
- Epidemiological
- Comparative
- Corporate
What is epidemiological assessment?
Measure health status of population
- Compare person, time and place (eg. hospital admissions)
- Expensive
What is comparative assessment?
Comparing with service provisions in similar populations
What is corporate assessment?
Asking experts
How many deaths were there in England and Wales in 2014? What were the 2 main causes?
501, 424
-neoplasms & circulatory disease
