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perception midterm 1 > measuring perception > Flashcards

measuring perception Flashcards

1
Q

Perception

A

the way we interpret stimuli

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2
Q

what sense do we have

A
  • sight
  • taste
  • touch
  • smell
  • pain
  • temperature
  • balance
  • proprioception
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3
Q

joahannes Muller (1801-1858)

A

doctrine of specific nerve energies: the nature of a sensation depends on which neurons are active and now one how the neurons are stimulated

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4
Q

Charles Sherrington

A
  • 1857 - 1952
  • neurons are not physically connected but work in networks
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5
Q

wilder penfield

A
  • 1891- 1976
  • stimulating neurons in certain regions of the brain lead to patients feeling sensations of touches on their body
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6
Q

Horace barlow

A
  • 1921-
  • neuron doctrine: perception depends on a combination of specialized neurons, each selective for a particular stimulus attribute
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7
Q

brain modularity

A

the human mind and brain has a set of distinct modules which each carry out one or more specific functions
- sensory modalities have primary receiving areas

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8
Q

polysensory

A

some area of the brain take in information from several senses combined

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9
Q

Herman von helmholtz

A
  • 1821 - 1894
  • invented the opthalmoscope which lets you look at back of eyeball
  • said that behavior was explained by only physical forces
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10
Q

Santiago Ramon y cajal

A
  • 1852- 1934
  • created first detailed drawing of neurons
  • discovered the synapse
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11
Q

action potential

A

electrochemical signal that travels through the neuron

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12
Q

membrane potential

A

difference in electrical potential across the cell membrane due to differences in concetration of ions in and out of the cell

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13
Q

resting potential

A

the membrane potential when a neuron is at rest (-70mV)

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14
Q

firing rate

A

the rate at which a neuron produces action potentials
- expressed in terms of action potentials (spikes) per second

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15
Q

baseline firing rate

A

a neurons low rate of spontaneous firing at failry random intervals in the absence of any stimulus
- a stimulus must reach a minimun level of intensity to ivoke a firing rate above the baseline rate

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16
Q

refractory period

A
  • after an action potential, there is brief period during which no new action potential can be initiated
  • its an upper limit to the action potentials per second we can perceive
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17
Q

distal stimulus

A

the small subset of stimuli that we attend to
- aka attended stimulus

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18
Q

top down knowledge

A
  • existing knowledge
  • knowledge, expectaton and goals which can affect perception
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19
Q

bottom up information

A

information contained in neural signals from receptors

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20
Q

functional neuroimaging

A

an array of techniques used for measuring brain activity in healthy volunteers carrying out cerefully designed tasks

21
Q

EEG

A

using many electrodes on the scalp, it measures electrical activity from populations of many neurons in the brain
- good temporal resolution but low spatial resolution
- based on electrical fields associated with brain activity

22
Q

Event related potential

A

a measure of electrical activity from a subpopulation of neurons in response to particular stimuli that require averaging manu EEG recordings

23
Q

visually evoked potentials (VEp)

A

a measure of electrical activity from a sub population of visual neurons in response to a visual stimulus

24
Q

MEG

A

a technique similar to EEG that measures changes in magnetic activity across populations of many neurons in the brain
- good temporal but low spatial

25
Q

PET

A
  • measures changes in blood flow which measure underlying neural activity
  • uses an introduction of radioactive substance into the blood
26
Q

fMRI

A

functional neuroimaging technique based on a measurement of the changes in blood oxygenation associated with brain activity.
- it relies on production of magnetic fields in the brain
- high spatial resolution but low temporal

27
Q

CT

A
  • brain imaging technique
  • uses x-rays to create images of slices
28
Q

MRI

A
  • brain imaging technique that uses the response of atoms to strong magnetic fields to form images of structures like the brain
  • good spatial precision
29
Q

FNIRS

A
  • look at blood flow changing at thr surface
  • shines an infared light inside through scalp to see how much blood is being used in areas of cortex
  • cant detect things deep in brain but good temporal resolution
30
Q

Gustav Fechner

A

invented psychophysics
- 1801-1887

31
Q

psychophysics

A

science of defining quantitative relationships between physical and psychological (subjective) events

32
Q

Absolute threshold

A

minimum amount of stimulation necessary for a person to detect a stimulus 50% of the time

33
Q

method of adjustment

A

a psychophysical method where a participants observes a stimulus and manipulates a control that directly adjust the intensity until it cannot be detected
- quick and dirty - simple (less accurate)

34
Q

method of constant stimuli

A

psychophysical method where a participant is repeatedly presented with a fixed set of stimuli in random order and they must indicate whether or not each one was detected
- simple and accurate but not efficient

35
Q

staircase method

A

psychophysical method where participant is presented with a stimulus and indicates whether it was detectedand based on that the next stimuli will be a step up or down from that
- efficient
- more accurate than adjustment

36
Q

Just noticeable difference

A

the minimum difference between two stimuli that allows an observer to perceive that the two stimuli are different
- involves comparing two stimuli
- a steep function represents a small JND

37
Q

Weber’s law

A

a statement of the relationship between the intensity of a standard stimulus and the size of the JND
- JND=kl

38
Q

psychophysical scaling

A

the process of measuring how changes in stimulus intensity relate to changes in perceived intensity

39
Q

Fechner’s law

A

a variant of weber’s law that describes the relationship between the perceived intensity of a stimulus as it changes in cmparsion to the natural log ratio of the physical intensity
- S=klnl/lo

40
Q

Steven’s law

A
  • webr’s law was good for brightness and loudness but it didn’t account for other’s like electric shock and line length
  • S=cl^n
  • power law
41
Q

Signal detection theory

A

a psychophysical theory that distinguishes between the ability to detect a stimuus and the willingness to report it.
- considers the decision making process of people

42
Q
A
42
Q

outcomes of a signal detection experiment

A
  1. hit: correct response
  2. miss: didnt hear present stimulus
  3. false alarm: not really there but heard
  4. correct rejection
43
Q

receiver operating characteristic (ROC)

A

the plot of the hit rate as a function of the false alarm rate.
- different stimuli have different ROCs

44
Q

noise

A

random variation in the neural code

45
Q

chance performnce

A
  • 45 degree line that is refer to when false alarm = hit rate
46
Q

sensitivity

A
  • the value that defines the eae with which a observer can tell whether a stimulus is there or not or the JND
47
Q

criterion

A

an internal threshold set by the observer.
- includes their bias

perception midterm 1 (3 decks)

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