Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

LMAP > Measuring and Describing Disease > Flashcards

Measuring and Describing Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What does epidemiology mean?

A

The study and distribution of the determinants of health related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does endemic mean?

A

diseases residing within a population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does epidemic mean?

A

diseases that befall a population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the three types of intervention given to people with an illness?

A

Primary, Secondary and Tertiary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is primary intervention?

A

Prevention of a disease by reducing exposure to risk factors. Before onset of a disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is secondary intervention?

A

Using available measures to detect worsening of the disease. Introducing interventions and appropriate treatment. This slows progression of the disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is tertiary intervention

A

The application of measures to reduce/get rid of long term disabilities, from existing progressions of disease-minimising suffering to promote patient’s adjustments to their condition and help them in rehabilitation to their pre-morbid activities.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What type of intervention do health services usually use?

A

2ry and 3ry

but ideally 1ry should be included as well.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is an exposure?

A

A variable we are trying to associate with a change in health status

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the outcome?

A

The disease/result after getting the exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the epidemiological transition based on?

A

The demographic transition model

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the stages of epidemiological transition?

A
  • Pestilence and Famine: rapid urbanisation, food constraints, low hygiene, low LE, high birth and death rate
  • Receding Pandemics: agricultural development, better nutrition, LE increases, better hygiene, reducing death rate and high birth rate.
  • Degenerative and Man made diseases: NCDs, technology, addiction, birth rate decreasing
  • Delayed degenerative diseases and emerging infections: reduced mortality due to better health technology but more expensive, zoonotic disease, inequalities emerging.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the hierarchy of epidemiological findings?

A

low to high
editorials/expert opinion->case series/case reports->case control studies-> cohort studies->randomised controlled trials->systematic reviews and meta analysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 2 types of study design?

A

Observational and Interventional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are 3 things that qualitative research does?

A
  • explores underlying themes to inform research qs and future hypotheses. Often used earlier on in research process.
  • expresses findings in words
  • relies on smaller numbers of individuals but more detail for each one.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a DALY?

A

Disability Adjusted Life Years: measure of disease burden that combines years of life lost from ill-health, disability or premature death.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What measure of frequency is used when the variable is continuous?

A

mean, median, percentiles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What measure of frequency is used when the variable is discrete?

A

odds, prevalence, cumulative incidence and incidence rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does odds mean?

A

Ratio of probability of an event to the probability of it not happening (compliment)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the equation of odds?

A

number of people with the disease/ number of people without the disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Is odds most widely used?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is prevalence?

A

the proportion of individuals in a population who have the disease or attribute of interest at a specific timepoint.

23
Q

How to work out prevalence?

A

number of people disease/total number of individuals in the population

24
Q

What are the unit for prevalence?

A

none: must include a timepoint though

25
Q

What are some weaknesses of prevalence?

A
  • reflects occurrence and duration of a disease so not very useful for short duration illnesses
  • no information on new cases of a disease
  • no causal inference use
  • not everyone with the disease is reflected in the prevalence
26
Q

What is cumulative incidence?

A

the proportion of the population with a new event during a given time period i.e. new cases in a time period.

27
Q

What are some alternative names for cumulative incidence?

A

risk

incidence proportion

28
Q

Who do you not include in the numerator or denominator of the cumulative incidence calcultion?

A

People who are already known to have the disease at the start of the period of interest

29
Q

What is the equation for working out cumulative incidence?

A

C.I= number of new cases during period of interest/ number of disease free individuals at the start of this time period

30
Q

What are the units for Cumulative incidence?

A

No unit

31
Q

What does a cumulative incidence of 100% mean?

A

All individuals in the study developed the disease during the time period

32
Q

What is 2 bad things about cumulative incidence?

A

Requires a follow up period which must be the same for all participants.No new ones can join, sometimes participants may die and be lost to follow up which may lead to

33
Q

What does person time measure?

A

The time participants spend in the study.

34
Q

When does person time stop?

A

When the diagnosis of interest is made, the participant dies or is lost to follow up.

35
Q

What are the units for person time?

A

person- years
person-days
person-hours

36
Q

How do you calculate incidence rate?

A

Number of new cases during the follow up period/total person-time by disease-free individuals.

37
Q

What are the different levels of evidence in research?

A

from bottom to top:
Editorials expert opinion/Case series case reports/Case control studies/Cohort studies/Randomised Controlled Studies/Systematic Reviews and meta-analysis.

38
Q

What are the different types of research methods?

A

Qualitative and Quantitative

39
Q

What are the types of study design?

A

Observational vs Interventional

40
Q

What are the different types of epidemiological approach?

A

Descriptive and Analytic

41
Q

What are the 2 methods of standardisation?

A

Direct and Indirect

42
Q

What is direct standardisation?

A

gives a similar incidence. Look at age specific incidence and apply it to a standard population.–>gives a standardised incidence. (for sex you would need a few more steps) (Crude rateX standard population)/group size=expected count

43
Q

How do you work out direct standardisation

A

(Disease/population)X100K
=Crude Rate

(Crude rateX standard population)/100K
=expected count

44
Q

What is the standard population?

A

arbitrary population based on what we assume the general average is across many countries.

45
Q

What is the standard population used in Europe?

A

European Standard population

46
Q

When is indirect standardisation used?

A

When we don’t know the age specific data. Gives a ratio out of 1.0 or 100. Useful when we only have high level, aggregated data about outcomes, but can’t make a direct comparison. often the first step on a journey of enquiry.

47
Q

What is a really good place to get data from?

A

billing data

48
Q

How is the SMR (Standard Mortality Ratio) calculated?

A

Observed count/expected count

49
Q

How is the expected number of deaths found?

A

use national mortality figures and apply to your population.

50
Q

What does SHMI mean?

A

Summary hospital mortality indicators

51
Q

When is SMR a marker of healthy life expectancy?

A

When SMR is <75

52
Q

If there is difference after standardisation then what can we assume?

A

there are other factors involved that may be affecting the outcome of interest, beyond the variables standardised for.

53
Q

What is another way of saying patient level data?

A

granular data

LMAP (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions