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Renal System > Measures of Effect > Flashcards

Measures of Effect Flashcards

1
Q

Which ratios are relative measures of effect?

A

Risk Ratio & Odds Ratio

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2
Q

What is the definition of relative measures of effect?

A

They describe how an exposure changes the risks or odds of an outcome compared to the risks and the odds of an unexposed group

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3
Q

Which are the examples of absolute measures of effect?

A

Absolute risk
Number needed to treat

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4
Q

What is the calculation of risk ratio/relative risk?

A

Risk of exposed/Risk of unexposed

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5
Q

What is the interpretation of a RR < 1?

A

The risk of a certain outcome is lower in the exposed group than it is in the unexposed

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6
Q

What is the interpretation of RR > 1?

A

The risk of a certain outcome is higher in the exposed group compared to the unexposed group; exposure is a risk factor for the outcome

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7
Q

What is the interpretation of a risk ratio = 1?

A

This means there is no difference at all between the risk of the exposed vs. the unexposed groups

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8
Q

What is a confidence interval?

A

It is the range with whichin the actually risk ratio lies in with a probability of 95%

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9
Q

When is the difference between two groups statistically significant?

A

If the confidence interval does not include 1

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10
Q

What is the definition of risk?

A

The probability of an outcome which can be both positive or negative

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11
Q

How would you interpret an RR of 1.5?

A

The risk of the exposed group getting affected is 1.5 times greater than the risk of unexposed people getting affected, or 50% higher

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12
Q

What is the calculation for relative risk difference?

A

Risk Ratio - 1

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13
Q

What is absolute risk difference?

A

Risk of exposed group - Risk of unexposed group

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14
Q
A
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15
Q

What is the calculation for Odds Ratio?

A

Odds of exposed group/ Odds of unexposed group

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16
Q

What is the Odds Ratio?

A

Relative measure of effect

17
Q

What is the definition of “Odds”?

A

The chance of having a certain outcome

18
Q

What is the interpretation of OR < 1?

A

The chance of a certain outcome is lower in exposed group

19
Q

What is the interpretation of OR > 1?

A

The chance of a certain outcome is greater in the exposed group

20
Q

What is the interpretation of OR = 1?

A

There is no difference for the chance of a certain between an exposed group vs an unexposed one

21
Q

When does the CI of Odds Ratio show statistical significance?

A

When the Odds Ratio does not contain 1

22
Q

What is the difference between risks and odds calculations?

A

To find the risk of an outcome –> people with an outcome/all people

To find the odds of an outcome –>
people with an outcome/people WITHOUT an outcome

23
Q

What are the differences between RR and OR?

A

OR –> all study types, more often used for case-control
RR –> cannot be used for case-control studies

Interpretation of RR is easier than OR, so RR is preferred

24
Q

In which cases are RR and OR very similar?

A

When the outcome is really rare

25
Q

What is the number needed to treat calculation?

A

1/absolute risk difference

26
Q

What is the definition of number needed to treat?

A

Number of people you need to treat in order to help one person

OR

Number of people that need to be exposed to a treatment or risk factor for one single outcome to occur that would not be otherwise occurring

27
Q

What is the purpose of the number needed to treat?

A

To measure the benefit of a treatment

28
Q

In terms of a treatment (medication) what does a low NNT indicate?

A

Treatment is very effective –> very few people need to take the medicine in order to see an improvement

29
Q

What is the difference between the number needed to treat vs the number needed to harm?

A

The number needed to harm indicates that the exposure has a negative effect on the group

30
Q

What is the survival function?

A

The probability of exposed or unexposed group surviving past a specific time period (for instance; number of years)

31
Q

What is the calculation of the survival function?

A

Number of patients surviving longer than t/ total number of patients

where t = a specific time period

32
Q

What is the hazard function?

A

The probability of dying in the next few seconds, given that they are alive now, past the survival function

33
Q

What is the purpose of the Kaplan Meier Plot?

A

It allows us to make statements on the survival rate based on time

34
Q

Is Kaplan Meier Plot parametric or non-parametric?

A

Non-parametric model

35
Q

What is the difference between a parametric and a non-parametric model?

A

Non-parametric tests are not seriously affected by outliers

36
Q
A

Renal System (24 decks)

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