measures Flashcards
What is an outcome?
– A measurable individual, family, or community state, behavior or perception that is measured along a continuum and is responsive to clinical interventions.
What is an outcome measure?
– A set of items that are used to create scores that are “intended to quantify a patient’s performance or health status based on standardized evaluation protocols or close ended questions
What is an independent variable
what is being changed or manipulated
What is a control?
there is no independent variable everything stays the same
What is a dependent variable?
what is being measured
What type of variable would be in an experimental group
the independent variable
Two of the same type of plants are placed in the same spot and given different amounts of water the growth is then tracked what is the independent variable
the water
Two of the same type of plants are placed in the same spot and given different amounts of water the growth is then tacked what are the controls
the type of plant, the amount of son etc.
Two of the same type of plants are placed in the same spot and given different amounts of water the growth is then tacked what is the dependent variable
the growth of the plant
What 3 things are needed for true experimental design?
- Random assignment
- 2 groups
- Experimental group
- Control group
- Manipulation - Cause &
Effect with the independent variable
What is the process for and experimental design?
- Randomly assign subjects
- Test subjects - observed or
pretested on a dependent measure - Experimental variable
(independent variable) for experimental group - Control group – no
independent variable - Retest all subjects
What is Quasi Experimental Design
Ethics of randomization
- No randomization
1. Control Group
2. Manipulation
- No randomization
Pre-Experimental Design is different from a true experiment because
Missing 2 of the 3 criteria for true
experiment
Pre-Experimental Design Outcomes describe
relationships (notcause/effect)
Pre-Experimental Commonly consists of:
Case study (X O) Pretest-posttest design (OX O)
Survey Designs Measure
characteristics of a population
Describe a population, explore relationships
Survey Designs benefits
- Can typically get a large sample
- Gather a lot of information quickly
- Online, email, regular email
What is Meta-Analysis
Meta-Analysis A statistical technique in which the results of 2+ studies are mathematically combined to improve the reliability of the results.
What is the criteria for choosing studies?
-Studies chosen for inclusion must be sufficiently similar
What two things can a meta-analysis be used to identify
- Common effect
- When the treatment effect (or effect size) is consistent from one study to the next, meta-analysis can be used to identify this
- Reason for the variation
When the effect varies from one study to the next, meta-analysis may be used to identify the
What are the 4 research Designs?
Designs
- Nonexperiemental
- Pre-experimental
- Quasi-experimental
- Experimental
What is Systematic Review
provides a comprehensive review of all relevant studies on a particular clinical or health-related topic/question.
studies included in systematic reviews may be of varying study designs, but should be studying the same
outcome.
Is each study included in the review studying the same variables?
How is a Systematic Review created
after reviewing and combining all information from designated timeframe and criteria and summarizing findings.
In a Systematic reviews what can vary and what must be the same
may be of varying study designs,
but should be studying the same outcome.
Qualitative Research is obtained through
Interviews, words, objects, and
observations
In Qualitative ResearchKnowledge is interpreted and shaped
through
interaction between those involved in the research process
Name 3 types of Qualitative Data
- In-depth interviews
- Direct observation
- Written documents
Name the Qualitative Research Designs
Qualitative Research Designs
- Phenomenological
- Ethnography
- Narrative
- Grounded Theory
- Participatory Action Research
- Critical Theory
Phenomenology Describe and
interprets
the meaning of a lived experience
In Phenomenology research Meaning emerges from
from voices of participants
What is Ethnography?
An “outsider” to the cultural scene seeks to obtain an “insider”
perspective
How is Ethnography is distinguished from other methods
by a quest for naturally occurring events, insider’s viewpoint and values, and cultural patterns.
Ethnography Embraces a wide range of approaches to:
- Explore groups and people as they go about their everyday lives
- Attempt to understand the underlying patterns of behavior and meanings of a culture
- how people view the world.
- Look at habitual patterns and ways of life - Observe and creating meaning in social relationships
What is the role of the investigator in Ethnography?
- Extended observation, immersion and participation in the culture
Ethnography Reveals what?
Reveals complex relationships, patterns, and
theory
Ethnography “Unit of analysis” can be
social, historical, cultural, political context of particular individuals or groups of individuals
Narrative research Has the elements of
Has the elements of storytelling: - Beginning, - Middle, & - End
With a breach and moral element -
What is important? - What matters?
Three features of narrative form:
Three features of narrative form: 1.Event-centered 2.Experience-centered 3.Narratives do not merely refer to past experience but create experiences for their audience. They mean to be provocative. The teller usually has a point (moral tale).
What is Grounded Theory
“the systematic discovery of theory from the data of social research.”
What is the Purpose of Grounded Theory
to evolve a theory or “ground” a theory in the context where the phenomenon occurs
Participatory Action Research Create the conditions that will
mobilize their energy, engage their enthusiasm, and generate activity that can be productively applied to the resolution of issues and problems that concern them.”
What are 4 elements Participatory Research?
- Action-oriented
- Collaborative
- Empowering
- Grounded in experience
Participatory Action Research: 3 steps are
- Look
Gather info; observe - Think
Explore, analyze - Act
Plan, implement, evaluate
Participatory Action Research: 4 Principles are
- Democracy
- Equity
- Liberation
- Life Enhancement
What is another name for Participatory Action Research?
Community-based action research - seeks to engage people directly in formulating solutions to problems they confront in their community
and organizational lives.”
Critical Theory purposes are?
- Sociopolitical purpose
- Seeks to understand human experience as a means to change society
- Has an explicit agenda of eliminating power,
economic and social inequalities
In Critical Theory what is the Role of Researcher is
Use critical theories to understand an experience or issue
Critical Theory asks what Types of Questions
Social justice
Disparity
Access
