Measurements Of Health Flashcards
Why do we measure health
- To establish priorities about health status and problems
- Assist in planning, to plan priorities and to have a standard which health promotion interventions can be evaluated
- Justify resources, to prove that these resources are effective
- Assist in the development of the health profession.
How do we measure health?
Negative and Positive variable
Measures the opposite of health
Negative variable
Aka Ill death
Negative variable
2 ways to measure negative variable?
Mortality and morbidity
Aka well health
Positive variable
The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events
Epidemiology
the application of this study to the control of diseases and other health problems
Epidemiology
assess risks in terms of the statistical probability of adverse events or death occurring, link between events and identify risk factors varies from negligible to high.
Epidemiology
2 ways to measure health as a negative variable.
Mortality and Morbidity
another term for death
Mortality
the number of deaths per 1000 people per
year
Crude Death Rate
measures the death rate, accounting differences in age structure
Standard Mortality Ratio
number of deaths in the first year of life per 1000 live births
Infant Mortality Rate
the number of deaths in the first 28 days per 1000 live births
Neonatal Death
the number of stillbirths and deaths in the first 7 days after birth per 1000 births.
Perinatal Mortality
Leading cause of death in 2022
Ischemic Heart Disease
top 3 leading cause of death in 2022
- Ischemic Heart Disease
- Cerebrovascular Disease
- Neoplasms
Top 5 leading cause of death
- Ischemic Heart Disease
- Cerebrovascular Disease
- Neoplasms
- Diabetes
- Hypertensive disease
another term for illness
Morbidity
Indicates if primary prevention is possible
Natural History and Etiology of the Condition
Shows severity of the problem and ways in which individuals, families/ communities are affected
Natural History and Etiology of the Condition
Shows if there is evidence that exposure to a particular environment
Causation and Association
Assessing the chance/ probability of a disease/ condition occurring
Identifying Risk
shows the SCALE OF THE PROBLEM
Epidemiological Data
the number of new cases of a health event during a given period in a specified population
Incidence
the frequency with which new health events occur, related to a particular time frame
Incidence Rate
the population half-way through the period being locked at
Mid-period
a measure of the number of persons at risk an the time they were at risk
Person time
the total number of cases of a health event in a specified population
Prevalence
the proportion of a population that has a health event at a specified point in time
Prevalence Rate
during a specified period
Point prevalence
total lifetime ‘lifetime prevalence’
prevalence
Objective Attribute
Health measure
Health behaviors indicators
Environmental indicators
Socioeconomic indicators
Subjective Health Measures
Physical well-being, functional ability and health status
Psychological well-being
Social Health
QOL
● An average of a population may be taken as a measure of health
● Vital statistics is used to measure height, weight, dental status, etc
Health Measure
Measurement of people’s behavior can be used as a measure of health
Health Behavior Indicators
Physical and socio environments can be an indicator of health
Environmental Indicators
● Including educational attainment, occupational status and income
● Socioeconomic Status (SES) in developed countries is often associated with better health
Socioeconomic indicators
Ability to perform everyday activities such as personal care, degree of mobility, and domestic activities
Physical well-being, functional ability and health status
Goldberg’s general health questionnaire (1997) measures minor psychological distress and social dysfunction
Psychological well-being
Key characteristic is social support, incorporating both the extent of a person’s social networks and perceived adequacy
Social Health
