Measurement (10) Flashcards
This explains what?
Before the session, look over data sheets to see what you are targeting this session. Risky behavior like
elopement and running into traffic take precedence. Know how to run procedures. Have materials ready
to go e.g. tablet/phone charged up, flashcards ready, reinforcers on hand, and devices like
counters/timers.
A-1 Prepare for data collection.
Continuous measurement is when…
you record every behavior occurrence.
Continuous measurement includes:
frequency, rate, duration,
latency, and interresponse time or IRT.
What is IRT?
Interresponse Time
Time between two successive responses e.g. sips of juice, bites of food
What type of measurement recording is this?
Every time a behavior occurs, you mark.
Frequency (count)
What type of measurement recording is this?
Behavior occurs
per time, useful if sessions vary in time.
Rate
What type of measurement recording is this?
Total extent of time in which a behavior occurs, must have obvious beginning and end.
Duration
What type of measurement recording is this?
How long it takes a child to follow an instruction (more generally, time from onset of stimulus to
the initiation of a response)
Latency
discontinuous measurement procedures
partial & whole interval, momentary time sampling
Discontinuous Measurement is AKA…
Interval recording
Split a session into intervals. E.g 1 hhr break into 6, 10 min interval
Momentary time sampling:
Measure behavior occurring at specific point in time, useful when observing
multiple subjects at the same time.
Partial Interval:
Did the behavior occur at all during interval? Used to decrease a behavior.
Whole Interval:
Did the behavior occur during the whole interval? Used to increase a behavior.
Permanent product:
Measuring the effects of a behavior after it occurred. It leaves a permanent product.
You can physically see it, like holes in the wall they punch the wall or a completed homework assignment.
A-5 Enter data and update graphs.
Collect Discrete Trial data on a Discrete Trial Data Sheet and put data on a Summary Graph.
What schedule of data entry is this?
Daily Entry
A-5 Enter data and update graphs.
Place data on Data Per Month data sheet.
What schedule of data entry is this?
What is being defined?
Describe behavior and environment in observable and
measurable terms.
Define a behavior in observable terms and as specific as possible. That way if two
different therapists use your definition, they will measure the same amount of instances. You know you
have a good definition if two people have a very similar amount of instances recorded while they measure
independently, this is called interobserver agreement (IOA).
Operational definition
What is IOA?
if two people have a very similar amount of instances recorded while they measure
independently, this is called interobserver agreement.
Fill in the blank.
are done to find objects and activities for which the learner has a higher
are done to find objects and activities for which the learner has a higher
preference.
______ are something presented after a behavior which makes that behavior
more likely in the future,
Reinforcers
When is a preferred object/activity considered an official reinforcer?
after it has been proven to make the behavior more likely.
3 ways to do a preference assessment:
Asking, free operant, and trial based.
Describe this type of preference assessment
Ask
Ask person or significant others to name things they prefer or giving them a survey to rank in order of
preference.
Pretask choice: ask them what they want as a reward for completing a task.
What is this type of assessment and describe the nature of it
Free Operant:
They are free to do whatever they want, you just observe and measure how much time a
learner engages with an item and which items they engage with.
Good in situations where removing items causes problem behaviors, if they are not able to communicate a preference when given a choice, or if you are assessing for reinforcers you cannot hold in your hand.
Two ways to do free operant:
Naturalistic vs Contrived
Which one of the two types of free operant assessments is this?
when you let them roam free in their natural environment.
Naturalistic
Which one of the two types of free operant assessments is this?
plant different items within view, and easily accessible to learner, measuring how much
time they engage with each.
Contrived
Fill in the blank
A …….. ……… free operant assessment is when you present stimuli in trials.
There’s 3 different ways to present the stimuli in trials
(Stimuli are anything you can experience with your senses, in this
case, the stimuli are possible reinforcers you are presenting)
Trial Based
There’s 3 different ways to present the stimuli in trials, they are ….
Single stimulus (successive choice)
Paired stimuli (forced choice)
Multiple stimuli w/ or w/o replacement
Multiple stimuli w/ wo replacement:
Like paired stimuli but you use multiple stimuli instead, so 3
or more at a time.
What does Multiple stimuli with replacement look like in a trial based preference assessment?
replaces unwanted items and keeps the same amount in the array including chosen item
What does Multiple stimuli with OUT replacement look like in a trial based preference assessment?
you remove the chosen item, then rearrange the remaining items thus reducing the array
What do you perform after preference assesments are completed and perferred stimuli are determined?
reinforcer assessment
What is a reinforcer assessment?
A reinforcer assessment is one which takes the preferred stimuli and
presents them after desired behavior to see how effective and strong a reinforcer is.
Fill in the blank.
…….. are the process gathering info.
Assessments
In ABA, assessments can be used to determine preferences,
assess skills in repertoire, and to measure progress over time.
An RBT’s role during an assessment looks like…
assisting with the assessment by helping collect data, conducting
the assessment alongside their supervisor, trialing new tasks (probing), and communicating progress
made during sessions to their supervisor.
An RBT’s role during an assessment looks like…
assist with the assessment by helping collect data, conducting
the assessment alongside their supervisor, trialing new tasks (probing), and communicating progress
made during sessions to their supervisor.
attention/social
positive, tangible, escape/avoidance, and automatic are all categories of a behavior’s
purpose/function.
How is this behavioral function maintained?
Behavioral Function - Attention/Social positive
Maintained by attention of any type.
How is this behavioral function maintained?
Behavioral Function - Tangible
Maintained by getting objects like toys or food. Think of things you can tangibly hold.
Behavioral Function - Escape/avoidance
Maintained by escaping or avoiding a situation.
Behavioral Function - Automatic
Maintained by sensory. Automatic positive would be adding a pleasurable sensation, such as humming,
whereas automatic negative would be removing an aversive sensation, such as overstimulating loud noises
functional behavior assessment
Used to figure the function of behavior.
(There are 3 different kinds of assessments for finding behavioral function)
Explain this type of functional behavior assessment.
Indirect assessment is…
(1/3 types)
interviewing or giving questionnaires to individuals familiar with the learner.
Explain this type of functional behavior assessment.
Direct/descriptive assessment is…
(2/3 types)
observing behavior in the natural environment and not
manipulating.
Explain this type of functional behavior assessment.
Functional/experimental analysis is…
(3/3 types)
manipulating environment by arranging antecedents and
consequences to determine function.
Once a problem behavior’s function is determined, you should….
find a more acceptable
alternative behavior which serves the same function as the problem behavior
Choose skill, describe skill, and choose data collection are the essential components of …?
A written Skill Acquistion Plan
Fill in the blank.
When ………… … …… to target, it must be socially significant (contributes to quality of daily life by being socially relevant, age appropriate, or by increasing access to their environment making them more independent).
Which component of a written Skill Acquisition Plan is this describing?
Choosing a skill
Fill in the blank.
After choosing skill, you must ……… ….. and what proficiency/mastery of skill looks like.
Which component of a written Skill Acquisition Plan is this?
Describe skill
Which component of a written Skill Acquisition Plan is this describing?
Once skill is described, you will ……….. ……… ……………….procedures including what materials will be needed, what type of prompts AKA
hints will be used, how you will reinforce, and the plan for maintenance after the skill has been mastered.
Choose data collection
Data taken before intervention is known as ….
Baseline data.
This data is taken AFTER the skill acquisition plan is drafted.
What is ABA built on and driven by?
DATA
One key thing to remember is that behavior analysis is data driven, so if the skill acquisition plan is not
working, you must modify it to increase its effectiveness.
Reinforcement is what?
any stimulus presented after a behavior that increases the likelihood of the behavior occurring in the future.
When using a reinforcer, you must present it when in correspondance to a behavior?
IMMEDIATELY
The effectiveness of a reinforcer drops
dramatically, the longer you wait.
Explain the following term.
Primary reinforcement is also known as Unconditioned reinforcement because …
it does not need to be learned d/t primal origination.
these are those primal (primary), inherent forms of reinforcement like food, water, and sex.
Secondary reinforcement, or aka Conditioned reinforcement is ….
reinforcement that’s value must be learned.
So it starts as a neutral stimulus that does not affect behavior and gets associated with an established reinforcer AKA conditioning, and now has the power to increase behavior frequency.
Fill in the blanks.
Reinforcement is presented in two types of schedules ……….. and ………. .
Continuous and Intermittent.
How does this reinforcement schedule work?
Continuous Reinforcement or CR is…
when you reinforce after every instance of behavior. good for
when first teaching a behavior.
This is good for when first teaching a behavior.
In the real world (or a naturalistic setting) CR schedules do not apply, and for that there is ………….. …………….. .
intermittent reinforcement
What are FR, VR, FI, and VI all examples of?
4 types of intermittent reinforcement schedules.
Define this type of intermittent reinforcement schedule
Fixed Ratio or FR
Reinforcement is provided in a ratio of one to the fixed number of responses.
For example an FR3 is reinforced at every 3 responses.
Define this type of intermittent reinforcement schedule
Variable Ratio or VR
Like FR but based on an average of how many responses are needed to get reinforcement.
For example: If they are reinforced after 3 responses, then 2, then 4, the average of those are 3. This would then be considered a VR3 schedule.
Define this type of intermittent reinforcement schedule
Fixed Interval or FI
requires a fixed amount of time must elapse before the reinforcer is available again.
For example: an FI2 would require 2 minutes to elapse before the reinforcer becomes available again,
Variable Interval or VI
Like FI except it is an average of how much time must elapse before reinforcement is available again.
For example: If you study around 2 hours a day and reinforce for non-stop studying at 25 minutes, then 30, then 25, then 40, the average amount of time is 30 minutes, therefore your schedule would be VI 30-m.
Which type of trial would be presented with the same instruction repeatedly, over and over again, in DTT?
Mass Trials or MT
reserved for children that need the extra help
When people say “MT or Mass Trials” they are usually referring to mass trials without distractors. However, if they are implemented with distractors, they are then considered what?
Distractor trials
Mixed Trials
when you ask the learner something different in every trial, this
is important so that the learner can learn to discriminate between the different SDs.
very typical for DTT settings
Random Rotation
Similar to a distractor trail except they have already mastered the distractors, so you can switch up the SDs and ask them about any of the flashcards on the table.
For example: they already know what a car, plane, and helicopter are and you can ask “touch car, point to plane, which one is a helicopter”
