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Geo Politics > Meaning of place > Flashcards

Meaning of place Flashcards

1
Q

History of place

A

Plato: Examines the origins of existence and the process of becoming.
Becoming - Requires a place or setting for becoming.
Choro - Implies both extent in space and the thing in that space.
Topos - Usually more specific.

Aristotle:
Chora - Describes a country.
Topos - Describes a particular region.

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2
Q

Place as a cultural or social location

A
  • Often treats place as a metaphor.
  • Concerned with social locations of people and social groups.
  • Ex: Individuals or groups placed in webs of social, economic, cultural, and/or political relations.
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3
Q

Place as a context

A
  • Emphasis on the real unit itself rather than the people whose social, cultural, and political relations occur in place.
  • Ex: The neighbourhood effect and how it can change the demographic of people based on what kind of place it turns into.
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4
Q

Place as socially constructed through time

A
  • How economic, social, and political relations build the characteristics of a place through time.
  • Social is emphasized, as is the notion of construction (something that is dynamic)
  • Place as a result of layering of activities that constantly make and remake it.
  • Interactions between geographical and physical
  • Webs of economical, social, and political relations
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5
Q

Place as a social process

A
  • Understand the relationship between physical settings and social relations
  • Place as:
    1. Location
    2. Locale
    3. Sense of place
  • The activities of people and institutions over the course of everyday life bring these different aspects together. They provide the connections or the glue.
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6
Q

Place as a locale

A
  • Material settings in which social relations are constituted
  • The actual material setting for social relations.
  • Social relation influential in creating material structure of a place.
  • Location: The site. Something or an activity is located here and not there.
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7
Q

Sense of place

A
  • Subjective emotional attachments/ meanings
  • Local “local structure of feeling”
  • Feelings about where we live
  • Positive or negative
  • Linked to identity
  • In spite of a place having materiality, the meaning or value of that place is subjective.
  • Inevitably contested.
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8
Q

Place in relation to politics or conflict

A
  • Control over place
  • Use place to disrupt or challenge social and cultural meanings/ regulations.
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9
Q

Place and humanistic geography

A
  • Subjective and experimental qualities of people and environments.
  • People are willing to protect places against those who do not belong and that nostalgia reveals the deep significance of a place.
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10
Q

Globalization

A
  • The growing cross-national spread of culture, production, technology, labour, and capital.
  • Social, economic and political processes now function at a global scale.
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11
Q

Time-space compression

A
  • The interconnections between time and space.
  • Ex: Before, it took 1 day to travel across Ottawa on a horse. Now it takes 45 minutes with a car.
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12
Q

Place and mobility

A
  • Place is related to stability and permanence.
  • Mobility seems to necessitate constant change and movement. It has a challenge to form attachments.
  • Mobility is a threat to place.
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13
Q

Placelessness

A
  • Difficult for people to feel connected through the world through place.
  • Causes are mobility, tourism, and media.
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14
Q

Fragmentation and place

A
  • Place no longer rooted in time immemorial and physical location.
  • Social relations that constitute the locale increasingly seem to be stretched beyond the borders of place.
  • Ex: Spaces of circulation, Spaces of consumption, spaces of communication taking up more space everyday.
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15
Q

Non-places

A
  • Spaces where people coexist or cohabit without living together.
  • Can create a sense of disorientation.
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16
Q

Authentic sense of place and politics

A
  • Use the particularity of place as a form of resistance to global capitalism.
  • Ex: religious enclaves, urban neighbourhood groups.
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17
Q

Globalization and place

A
  • Mobility in capital is always in tension with permanence of place.
  • As capital becomes more mobile and communication technology even faster (and cheaper), places become less important.
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18
Q

Neighbourhood

A
  • District within an urban area.
  • Socially constructed through the people who live in them.
  • Always in the process of change.
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19
Q

Studentification

A
  • Influx of students within privately-rented accommodations in particular neighbourhoods that may have substancial impacts on longer established residents.
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20
Q

Zoning By-law

A
  • Regulations that control developments
  • Divides the city into geographic areas “zones” and applies specific regulations to each zone.
  • Provides clarity and certainty on what is allowed and what is not allowed.
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21
Q

Transgression

A
  • Tactic that reveals the normative qualities of place and behaviour.
  • Implies being “out of place”
  • Disruption with normative expectations with regard to people and place.
  • Powerful because it reveals the ways that things are and not necessarily how they are believed to be.
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22
Q

Ideology

A
  • What exists and what does not exist.
  • An idea of what should be and could be.
  • Serves to legitimize particular kinds of behaviour and status positions.
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23
Q

Resistance

A
  • Implies intentionality
  • Can be violent, active, open, and symbolic using culture and place/space to contest normative ideologies or power dynamics.
  • Transgression is judged by those who react to it and resistance rests on the intentions of the actors.
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24
Q

Deviance

A
  • Definition of difference constructed by powerful social groups - definition is the reaction of a person or groups actions.
  • Definition of deviant groups and individuals implicates power (social, political, economic).
  • Place plays a role in the creation of behaviour norms and therefore very important in the creation of deviance.
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25
Q

Public space

A
  • Areas that are open and accessible to all members of the public in society.
  • Opportunities to interact with strangers and acquaintances.
  • Site where the politically powerful attempt to exert control over the remainder of the population.
  • Sites of self expression like music, paintings, dress, or actions.
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26
Q

What defines public space

A
  • Ownership - owned by the public
  • Accessibility - assumed right of access without discrimination
  • Wide variety of activities and purposes - effort to ensure accessibility
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27
Q

Public sphere

A
  • Setting of ideological and cultural contest, conflict, and negotiation among a variety of publics.
  • Ex: place where political talk or discourse takes place.
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28
Q

Social conception of place

A

-How do public spaces organize social/political/ public lives?
-Facilitator of civil order: Interactions have with others in public space (streets, neighbourhood spaces) at core of social networks and give sense of belonging and security
-Site for power and resistance: streets essentially political domain, the site of popular struggle and official repression
-Struggle between those who claim space for their use and those excluded
-Stage for performance, theatre: Stage for identity expression, to be seen

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29
Q

Importance of streets

A

-More than just thoroughfares
-Have social meaning in terms of:
-Who controls them
-For affirming and/or challenging institutionalized social relations
-Places of religious and secular rituals

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30
Q

Sexuality and place

A
  • Strong relationship between sharing public space and identity expression/ repression.
  • Affects the expression of self identity
  • Use of legal framework to privilege one form of identity over another to attain or maintain social order.
  • Where you are can have meaningful affects on who you can be.
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31
Q

Classic definition of ethnicity

A
  • Group of people with a common ancestry.
    -We shall call ethnic groups those human groups that entertain a subjective belief in their common descent because of similarities of physical type or of customs or both, or because of memories of colonisation and migration
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32
Q

Primordial definition of ethnicity

A

-Notion that even in a modern, highly industrialized society based on universal values and utilitarian interest, people are still bound together by a common affinity, personal attachments etc.
- Because of descent or ancestors.

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33
Q

Canadian definition of ethnicity

A

-Ethnic Ancestry
-Ethnic or cultural origin refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the person’s ancestors. Ancestors may have indigenous origins, or origins that refer to different countries, or other origins that may not refer to different countries.

34
Q

Instrumental definition of ethnicity

A

-Interpretation of ethnicity as something that is utilitarian and a constructed social category that serves particular interests
- Ex: Burundi and the Hutu and Tutsi’s.

35
Q

Ethnicity as a construction or invention

A

-See ethnicity as rooted in kinship, family and folkways of groups - primordial affinities- but expression of this identity (its form, power and significance) rooted in structures and opportunities made available to groups
Is a perspective that is tremendously interested in specific contexts - economic,, political, social, or structural - and how these influence that expression of identity
-Ex: Rwanda - invention of hutu and Tutsi identities and the ways in which these identities over time become imbued with tremendous social power
As reading points out, elements of both primordial and instrumental definitions of ethnicity evident in the Rwandan genocide of 1994
Primordial: tribal affinities and kinship origins
Instrumental: ethnicity employed strategically by colonial elites.

36
Q

Pashtuns in Afghanistan

A
  • historically have held power - traditions and cultural values often equated with national identity of Afghan people.
  • Held the longest periods of political power.
  • Sunni muslims
37
Q

Instrumentalization of ethnicity

A
  • When Afghan state founded, British colonial power put ruling family of Pashtuns in power consequently, favoured Pashtun elements of culture & politics in creation of nation state
    -Politics of ruling family employed ethnic patterns to regulate access to public goods & offices
  • Pashtuns privileged in all arenas & dominated military
  • Tajiks economic activities, educational institutions
  • Hazaras generally marginalised, few opportunities for social mobility
  • But in general, ethnic groups for many were blurred concepts, & not respected as frameworks for collective action
38
Q

Ethnoscapes

A
  • A territorialization of ethnic belief or a belief shared by ethnic groups in a common spatial frame of origin
  • Ethnic groups produce space to legitimize their existence in space and time.
39
Q

Options for governance

A

-Centralized state: basically, what Taliban have tried, and are trying, to accomplish
-Implementation of the Pashtun wali code everywhere to create coherence
Taliban draw on Pashtun ethnic & model themselves around
-Essentially, overlay values onto a map of a Pashtun ethnoscapes.

40
Q

Ethnosymbolism & Taliban resurgence

A
  • Among Taliban, symbolic elements of dominant Pashtun ethnic group been very important in making claims to power & generating support
  • Attempt to have representations of ethnic groups in government.
41
Q

Indian Act (1876)

A
  • Legislation that in many ways continues to structure the lives of Indigenous peoples
  • The Act defines a segment of society based on genetics
  • Evolution of the Act gives great attention to who would be classified as an Indian and who would not
  • Intent to reduce number of people who identified as status Indians
  • Several different pieces of colonial legislation brought together in the Indian Act * e.g., the Gradual Civilization Act (1857)
  • Highly invasive & paternalistic
  • Enables federal gov’t to regulate administer affairs & day-to-day lives of registered Indians & reserve communities
  • Enabled gov’t to establish land base for First Nations groups (reserves), & to determine who qualifies as Indian
42
Q

Bagot Report (1844)

A
  • Centralized control over Indian matters; children be sent to boarding schools away from the influence of their communities (i.e., forced
    assimilation);
  • Indians be encouraged to adopt European ideas of free enterprise;
  • land be individually owned under an Indian land registry system in which Indians could sell to each other but not to non-Indians
  • Bagot Report was the framework for the Indian Act
43
Q

Indian

A
  • Refers to status Indian people.
44
Q

Status Indian

A
  • A person registered under the Indian Act and to whom the laws
    of the Indian Act apply
45
Q

Non-status Indian

A
  • A person whose ancestors were never registered or who lost their status later through other means and therefore they are legally the same as any other Canadian
46
Q

Treaty Indians

A
  • Signed one of the numbered treaties (1 through 11), which were established in the late 19th century and the early 20th century
    -All treaty Indians are Status Indians, but not all Status Indians are Treaty Indians
47
Q

Landscapes

A
  • Landscapes have materiality
  • Landscapes are representational
  • Landscapes are not just what lies
    before you eyes, also comprises what lies in our heads
  • What are the qualities of ‘unused’ land?
48
Q

Pass system 1885-1951

A
  • Not legislated but a policy created to restrict movement of Indigenous people
  • In part a response to Red River Rebellion (1869-70)
  • Settlers apprehensive about moving to Saskatchewan
  • To leave reserve, an Indian would have to apply to Indian Agent to issue a pass
  • Without pass, could be arrested for vagrancy
49
Q

Political communities

A
  • A group of people who share a common set of objectives or values that they are bringing together as a community of interest Instead of it being defined as a reserve.
  • Court decisions forced the fed government to provide to indigenous communities that don’t have a land base on a reserve.
    Ex: Metis population not living on a reserve but in Ottawa, they are a community and want the same access as people do on reserves.
50
Q

Race

A
  • ‘Race’ is a very controversial marker of human difference, usually based on biological distinctions or physical criteria such as skin colour, hair colour
    -Concept of ‘race’ reflects tenuous belief that racial categories have some self-evident meaning, that all people can be simply easily slotted into one ‘race’ or another, and belies the fact that ‘race’ itself is a social construction rather than biological fact
    Race is problematic as a concept because it is not rooted in biology, it is rooted in society. It’s a social construct
51
Q

Race and power

A
  • Racial definitions almost always defined and imposed by a powerful social group on other groups – power not necessarily numerical, but in terms of control of economic, political and social institutions
    *As such, ‘race’ is an ideological construction
    *“Race” deeply rooted in Western consciousness
52
Q

Racism as ideology

A
  • Racism – an Ideology that attributes social, economic and behavioural characteristics of individuals to a racial classification system
    *Racism - Practices of ascribing particular attributes to ‘racial’ groups that are erroneously believed to be biologically distinct
    *Social and psychological (and sometimes physical attributes) are causally related to physiological markers
    *Moreover, judgements of worth are linked to presumed biological marker
53
Q

Institutional racism

A
  • Refers to laws and relationships which systematically reflect and produce differential treatment of various segments of society
  • Society creates institutions (and institutional relationships) that maintain pre-existing differential treatments toward specific groups
54
Q

Racism

A
  • Relies on ideas, attitudes and dispositions, norms and rules, linguistic, literary and artistic expressions, architectural forms and media representations, as well as the practices of institutions and individuals
55
Q

Segregation

A
  • Residential segregation is the degree to which two or more social groups live separately from one another in different parts of a city
56
Q

Ghetto

A
  • Defined by academics as involuntary segregation of racial, ethnic or other minorities
57
Q

Enclaves

A
  • Immigrant enclaves never homogeneous
  • Territory within larger territory whose inhabitants are culturally or ethnically distinct.
58
Q

Spatial segregation

A
  • Space used strategically to ‘naturalize’ racist ideological positions
59
Q

Home Owners Loan Corporation (1933)

A
  • Offered favourable mortgage terms to families who would buy newly constructed housing in the suburbs. Only offered for new housing and not for existing housing. Intended to create a market for housing being built in the suburbs. It encourages white middle class families to move out of existing neighbourhoods and move into the suburbs. This encourages a racial segregation to happen in cities.
60
Q

Processes of segregation

A
  • Great migration
  • Racialized violence
  • Public policy
61
Q

Demarcation

A

*Demarcation of borders not simply about drawing line on a map or building a fence on the landscape

*Demarcation: the process through which borders are constructed and the categories of difference or separation are created

62
Q

Borders

A
  • Constructed forms of limits that speak to identity & culture
63
Q

Third Nation

A

*Community carved out of territories between two existing nation- states

*Notions of a people, identity, territory & practice

*Is an in-between space, transcending the geopolitical boundary that divides the constitutive nation-states & creates from them a new identity distinct from the nationalisms of the host countries

64
Q

Effects of Wall building on Borderlands

A

*Land ownership issues

*Tensions over siting of fence

*Humanitarian issues

*Limit effects groups through legal prosecution

*Economy & crossings

*Crossings fall; legal crossings by permanent residents rise

*Initiatives for local law enforcement of immigration laws

65
Q

Growing significance of borders as contested & violent spaces

A

*When borders fail to prevent undesired movement, violence often results

*Migration made ever more precarious by increased regulation of movement

66
Q

Why walls?

A
  • Fear of terrorism
    *Walls can be effective in stopping flows of people at particular locations
67
Q

Why border walls are not effective

A

*Problem of building & maintaining fence along entire length of a border, & guarding it

*Expensive in land, building, roads, manpower

*US-Mexico border has wall over only 1/3 of its 1,969 mile length

*Walls not effective in stopping terrorists & smugglers

*Terrorists often enter legally

*Smugglers use ports of entry or tunnels built under walls

*“Unauthorised” most often enter with a valid visa & overstay

68
Q

How to estimate size of unauthorised: no simple methodology

A

*Challenge is finding data sources

*Found that unauthorised were completing the census & other surveys

*Basic approach: using immigration records, determine the number of immigrants in the country legally

*Census or a survey gives an estimate of number of authorised & unauthorised immigrants living in the country

*Subtract lawful immigrants from the total

*2 groups of lawful immigrants: a) lawful permanent residents (e.g.,holders of visas or permanent resident documents (‘green cards’); and b) refugees

69
Q

Title 42

A

Migrants were returned over the border and denied the right to seek asylum. U.S. officials turned away migrants more than 2.8 million times. Families and children traveling alone were exempt. But there were no real consequences when someone illegally crossed the border.

70
Q

Spatial socialization

A

Process through which individual actors & collectives are socialized as members of specific territorially bounded spatial entities, participate in their reproduction & learn collective territorial identities … and inherent spatial images (e.g., visions regarding boundaries, regional divisions)

71
Q

Constructing “security” & borders

A

*“Security” is a contested concept

*Many different kinds of security

*“Security” is meaningless without some definition of the ‘Other’ enables the specification of the conditions of insecurity

*“Other” is constructed at least in part through discourse

*Relies on “speech acts” made by elites *The very act of declaring something a security threat is what is key

  • When you’re securing something, you’re securing it against the other.
72
Q

Gaza Strip

A

Emerges out of the fact that Gaza city was a really important city for Palestinians and historically it was an important port. Significant because of a long history of arab/palestinian settlements.

73
Q

Territory

A
  • Land occupied by violence
  • System upon which principle of territorial integrity is exercised, & seen as a fundamental aspect of international law
  • Informs key aspects of collective and individual identities
74
Q

Territoriality

A
  • Territoriality for humans is a powerful geographic strategy to control people and things by controlling area/land.
    *Territoriality is always socially or humanly constructed territoriality does not exist unless there is an attempt by individuals or groups to affect the behaviours of others
    *Territoriality a primary geographic expression of social power (by elite groups)
    EX: schools and hospitals. Also individuals and groups, like drug dealers, organised by territory and territoriality were used to enforce access by groups in specific spaces.
75
Q

Territoriality and place

A

*In creating territory also creating a kind of place

*Unlike many ordinary places, territories require constant effort to establish and maintain

*Territories are results of strategies to affect, influence & control people, phenomena etc.

*Both boundaries of a territory and means by which they are communicated are alterable/changeable

76
Q

Qualities & Characteristics of Territoriality

A

*1. territoriality must involve a form of classification by area.

*2. territoriality comprises some form of communication

*3. each instance of territoriality must involve an attempt at enforcing control over access

77
Q

Laying ground for re-territorializations: Balfour Declaration November 2, 1917: “Balfour Declaration”

A

*Letter from British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour to Walter Rothschild (2nd Baron Rothschild), & a leader of Jewish community in Britain

*“His Majesty’s government view with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavours to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country.”

78
Q

Ottoman Land Code 1858

A

*Created increasingly centralised authority that would remain in place until Israeli Land Law (1969)

*The British in 1921 changed article 103 of Code that pertained to Mewat land. Becomes known as the “MewatLand Ordinance”

*Anyone who “revives” Mewat land for cultivation without obtaining title-deed considered to be trespassing

79
Q

Wars and Territory

A

*War of Independence 1948-49

*1949 signing of armistice agreements

*Israel retained 78% of Mandate Palestine

*Cease-fire line becomes known as the “Green Line”

*Remaining 22% of West Bank controlled by Transjordan

*Gaza Strip occupied by Egypt

80
Q

Demographic Consequences of War/Catastrophe in 1947-48

A

*New state of Israel: population of 1.6 million

*Only 30% Jewish

*Sets in motion a new round of re-territorializations

*388 towns and villages taken over by Israel

*About ¼ of all buildings in Israel formerly Palestinian

*More than half of Arabs of western Palestine became refugees and communities destroyed

*About 750 000 refugees

*420 Palestinian villages destroyed

81
Q

How to achieve peace in reconfigured territory?

A

Israel & Palestinian Authority have tried to achieve peace through a ‘two state’ solution founded on an amalgamation of “partition” and “securitization” discourses

1) Oslo Accords (1993 & 1995): divides West Bank into:

*Area A (urban centres & majority of Palestinian population),

*Area B (small towns, villages), &

*Area C (all of Jordan Valley & all Israeli settlements)

  • In essence, non-contiguous Palestinian and Israeli areas
  • The lack of geographic coherence was a major flaw

The Road Map Process: after invasion of Iraq in 2003, USA, EU, UN & Russia (“the Quartet”) develop a new peach initiative

*End objective: develop a Palestinian state in West Bank and Gaza Strip

*Fair resolution of refugee issue

*Negotiated resolution of status of Jerusalem

*Territorial contours of two states

-Partition the territory of Palestine in some way between the Palestinians and the jewish people. But the whole sense of security concern for Israel was so grave that just dividing into two would be dangerous.
-Unequal solution: two states with unequal balance of power. Two state solution is not pure sovereignty for Palestinians because of the issue of security.

  • Geneva Accord (2003)

*Drawn up by Israeli public figures and Palestinian politicians criticized by many in Israel

*Article IV: proposes internal border between Palestine & Israel demarcated by UN Resolutions 242 & 338 (1967 line), with reciprocal modifications on a 1-1 basis

Geo Politics (1 decks)

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