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PHYSIOLOGY > ME01 - Cell and Molecular Physiology > Flashcards

ME01 - Cell and Molecular Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous vs Hormonal Control

A

Nervous Hormonal
Reaction Time Fast Slow
Mediators Neurons Hormones
Type of Msgr Electrical Impulse Organic message
Response Target External Envt Internal Envt
Linking Mechanism Nerves, Synapses Blood, Circulatory
Effectors Muslces and glands Organ Systems
Function Nervous coordination Chemical coordination

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2
Q

Maintenance of constant conditions in the internal environment
“Balance”

A

Homeostasis

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3
Q

Contributions of Diff Organ Systems to “Homeostasis”

A

ECF Transport & mixing - Circulatory
Provision of Nutrients - GI, Respi(O2), Liver (metabolic), Musculoskeletal (locomotion)
Removal of Metabolic wastes - Excretory, Respi (CO2), Liver, GI (feces)
Protection - Immune, Integumentary
Reproduction - Reproductive
Control - Nervous & Endocrine

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4
Q

Explain Feedback Mechanism

A

Stimulus&raquo_space; Receptor&raquo_space; Signal&raquo_space; RESPONSE

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5
Q

Percentage in Body Fluid Compartments

A

TBW - 60% body weight
ICF - 40% body weight
ECF - 20% body weight

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6
Q

Components of ECF

A

ECF 20% Body weight
Interstitial fluid - 75% (20%) body weight
Plasma - 25% (20%) body weight

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7
Q

ECF - Extracellular Fluid ions involved

A

Sodium, Chloride,

Bicarbonate ions nutrients (oxygen, glucose, fatty acids, amino acids)

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8
Q

Internal environment of the body

“internal milieu”

A

ECF - Extracellular Fluid

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9
Q

What happens to the products of ECF

A

CO2 -> lungs

Cellular waste products -> Kidneys

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10
Q

ICF - Intracellular Fluid ions involved

A

Potassium, Magnesium, Phosphate ions

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11
Q

Compartment that has special mechanism for transporting ions through cell membrane “MAINTAINING THE ION CONCENTRATION DIFFERENCES” between ECF and ICF

A

ICF - Intracellular Fluid

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12
Q

Major cation for Plasma and Interstitial Fluid

A

Na+

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13
Q

Major anions for ICF

A

Organic PO4

Protein

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14
Q

Major anions for ECF, Plasma, Interstitial Fluid

A

Cl
HCO3
(for plasma only - Plasma protein)

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15
Q

Separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm

A

Nuclear membrane

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16
Q

Separates the Cytoplasm from the surrounding fluid

A

Cell Membrane or Plasma membrane

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17
Q

Collective term for different substances that make up the cell

A

Protoplasm

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18
Q

Five basic substances that make up the protoplasm

A 
Water
Electrolytes
Proteins
Lipids
Carbohydrates
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19
Q

Principal fluid medium of the cell

A

Water

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20
Q

Water is present in most cells except for _____ cells.

Concentration of water is at ______ percent.

A

Fat cells

70-85 percent

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21
Q

Inorganic chemicals for cellular reactions

A

Electrolytes/Ions

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22
Q

Examples of Electrolytes/Ions

A

Potassium, Magnesium, Phosphate, Sulfate, Bicarbonate, Sodium, Chloride, Calcium

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23
Q

Percentage of Protein in cell mass

A

10-20%

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24
Q

Types of Proteins

A

Structural Proteins

Functional Proteins

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25
Q

Long intracellular filaments that form MICROTUBULES and FIBRILLAR PROTEINS

A

Structural Proteins

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26
Q

Examples of Structural Proteins

A

Cytoskeleton of cellular organelles

Fibrillar Proteins in COLLAGEN and ELASTIN FIBERS

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27
Q

Combinations of few molecules in “tubular-globular” form

A

Functional Proteins

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28
Q

Example of Functional Proteins

A

Enzymes - substances that catalyze specific intracellular chemical reactions

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29
Q

Soluble in fat solvents but insoluble in water

A

LIPIDS

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30
Q

Examples of LIPIDS

A

PHOSPHOLIPIDS AND CHOLESTEROL - forms cell membrane

TRIGLYCERIDES - storehouse of energy-giving nutrients

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31
Q

Cell component that has little structural function but plays a major role in “cellular nutrition”

A

Carbohydrates (Glucose, Glycogen)

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32
Q

Important points in the physical structure of cell

A

Enveloped by cell membrane
Composed of intracellular organelles
Mitochondria plays a big part in energy production (95% of energy prod happens in mitochondria)

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33
Q

What makes the “mosaic-look” of the Fluid-Mosaic Model of Cell Membrane

A

Fluid-Mosaic Model
Composed of a phospholipid bilayer
Proteins are embedded in the phospholipid bilayer which gives the “mosaic-look”

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34
Q

Most important component of Cell Membrane/Plasma Membrane that gives the characteristic of membrane permeability
CONTROLS THE FLUIDITY OF THE MEMBRANE

A

Cholesterol

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35
Q

Acts as “guardian of the cell”
Made up of a lipid bilayer
Divides the body into ECF and ICF Compartments

A

Cell Membrane

36
Q

Important Parts of the Cell Membrane

A

Phospholipid Bilayer
Membrane Proteins
Glycocalyx
Other Membrane Lipids (Cholesterol)

37
Q

Composition of a “Phospholipid Bilayer”

A

Hydrophilic heads - phosphate ends (soluble in water)
Hydrophobic tails - fatty end tails (insoluble in water)
“Amphiphatic molecules” - having both hydrophobic and hydrophilic component

38
Q

Types of Membrane Proteins

A

Integral Proteins - anchored and embedded, span the cell membrane
Ex. transmembrane proteins (ions channels, transport proteins, receptors, G proteins)

Peripheral Proteins - not embedded, not covalently bound, loosely attached, GIVES the “mosaic-model” appearance

39
Q

Loose carbohydrate coat of the cell membrane

CHO x CHON/Lipids (glycoprotein, glycolipid)

A

Glycocalyx

40
Q

Carbohydrate substances bound to small protein cores

A

Proteoglycans

41
Q

Function of Glycocalyx

A

Imparts negative electrical charge
Attachment of other cells
Receptor substances for binding hormones
Immune reactions

42
Q

Characteristic feature of Cellular Organelle

A

Membrane - bound

Enclosed within its own lipid bilayer

43
Q

How are cellular organelles identified and purified

A

Identified by microscopy

Purified by Cell Fractionation

44
Q

Network of tubular and flat vesicular structures in cytoplasm

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

45
Q

Space inside the tubules and vesicles is filled with __________

A

Endoplasmic Matrix

46
Q

Space inside the ER is connected with space between the ________________

A

Two membrane surfaces of the nuclear membrane

47
Q

Machinery for major metabolic functions of cell

48
Q

Granular ER : ______

Agranular ER : _____

49
Q

ER with large numbers of ribosomes are attached

50
Q

FUNCTION OF RER AND SER

A

RER: Protein Synthesis
SER: Detoxification of substances; Lipid Synthesis

51
Q

Organs where SER is predominantly found

A

Liver and Kidneys

52
Q

Fate of Ribosomes

A
  1. Bound for cell membrane and lysosomes of cell

2. Free-floating - create CHON bound to cytoplasm & mitochondria

53
Q

Composed of four or more stacked layers f thin, flat enclosed vesicles
Closely related to ER

A

Golgi Apparatus

54
Q

Where is Golgi apparatus prominently found

A

Secretory cells

55
Q

Functions of Golgi Apparatus

A

Packaging of proteins

Molecular tagging - labeling proteins where to go (M6P)

56
Q

TRANSPORT IN GOLGI APPARATUS

A

small vesicles continually pinch off from ER
ER vesicles fuse with CIS FACE (CONVEX) of Golgi APP
transported substances are processed and tagged
Golgi vesicles are extruded from the TRANS FACE (CONCAVE) of Golgi app for delivery to target cells

57
Q

Vesicular organelles that form by braking off from Golgi Apparatus
Intracellular digestive system for damaged cellular structures, food particles

58
Q

Enzymes found in Lysosomes

A

Hydrolase, Lysozyme, Lysoferritin - binds to iron for bacterial growth

59
Q

Ion that triggers the apoptosis once the lysosomes have completed their function

60
Q

Difference of Apoptosis and Necrosis

A

APOPTOSIS NECROSIS
(+) cell death
programmed unprogrammed
No inflammation (+) Inflammation

61
Q

Oxidizes poisonous substances

Degrades free radical that may damage cells

A

Peroxisomes

62
Q

Difference of Peroxisomes with Lysosomes

A

Peroxisomes are
formed by self-replication or budding from SER
contain oxidase and catalase

63
Q

How are secretory vesicles formed

A

Formed by the ER-Golgi apparatus system

64
Q

Functions of Secretory Vesicles

A

Storage for enzyme that are not yet activated (PROENZYMES)

Replenish he plasma membrane whenever it forms phagocytic or pinocytic vesicle

65
Q

Powerhouse of the cell

A

Mitochondria

66
Q

Unique characteristics of mitochondria

A

Self-replicative
does not follow genetic code
purely Maternally derived

67
Q

Function is provide rigid physical support for certain parts of cell (intracellular scaffolding)

A

Cytoskeleton

68
Q

Examples of Cytoskeleton

A

Filaments: Actin and Myosin
Microtubules: Flagellum in sperm cell, cilia in respi tract

69
Q

Control center of the cell

70
Q

Exception to the statement: “Almost all nucleated cells in the body contain same set of chromosomes and DNA”

A

Mitochondrial DNA

Sex cells

71
Q

Also called the nuclear envelope

Outer membrane is continuous with the ER of cytoplasm

A

Nuclear Membrane

72
Q

Unlike most of organelle, it does not have limiting membrane

73
Q

Nucleolus becomes considerably enlarged when _______

A

When the cell is synthesizing proteins

74
Q

Vesicular transport:
Exocytosis
Endocytosis

A

Exocytosis: Extruding contents outside the cells; Ca2+ dependent
Endocytosis: Molecules are absorbed and internalized (Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis)

75
Q

Types of Endocytosis

A

Phagocytosis: Cell eating (Bacteria and Dead Tissue are engulfed by WBCs)
Pinocytosis: Cell drinking
Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis: Receptor-mediated (Internalization of LDL and its receptors)

76
Q

Energy Production in CELLS

A

ATP - universal energy currency
O2 - final electron acceptor in ETC
CO2 and H2O - waste products of metabolism

77
Q

Energy Utilization in Cells

A

Breakdown of ATP to ADP to release energy

78
Q

Cellular movements of CELL

A

Amoeboid - “crawling” (WBC)
Ciliary - “whip-like, to-and-fro” (Respiratory Epithelium, Fallopian Tubes)
Flagellar - “rotatory” (flagella of sperm cell)

79
Q

Characteristics of LIFE

A 
Organization
Metabolism
Growth
Locomotion
Irritability
Reproduction
Adaptation
80
Q

CELL CYCLE

A

Go -
G1 - cellular contents, excluding chromosomes, are duplicated
S - Chromosomes are duplicated by the cell
G2 - Cell “double-checks” the duplicated chromosomes for error
MITOSIS
Cytokinesis

81
Q 
Complete Table.
Process           Template      Product
Replication
Transcription
Translation
A

Process Template Product
Replication DNA DNA
Transcription DNA mRNA
Translation mRNA proteins

82
Q

MITOSIS & MEIOSIS

A

Interphase - DNA Replication occurs
Prophase - Chromatin condenses into chromosomes; Spindle fibers project toward invisible line called equator
Metaphase - Chromosomes align; Spindle fibers are attached to kinetochores in the centromere
Anaphase - separation of chromatids
Telophase - migration complete; chromosomes unravel to become less distinct chromatin threads; Cytokinesis form 2 cells

Meiosis
Interphase - chromosomes duplicate
Prophase I - Homologous chromosomes pair exchange segments
Metaphase I - tetrads line up
Anaphase I - Pair of chromosomes split up

83
Q

Number of daughter cells, example and function in Mitosis and Meiosis

A

Mitosis: 2 diploid (2n) daughter cells identical to parent cells (Somatic body cells - for growth and repair)
Meiosis: 4 haploid (n) daughter cells different from each other and parent cells (Sex cells - gametes, diversity in sexual reproduction)

84
Q

Programmed cell death

85
Q

Enzymes involved in Apoptosis

PHYSIOLOGY (13 decks)

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