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Dive Injuries > MDT > Flashcards

MDT Flashcards

1
Q

What two gases are used by diver’s when at depth?

A

Nitrogen/helium

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2
Q

If a diver ascends too fast the excess gas will separate from solution and form bubbles.

These bubbles produce mechanical and biochemical effects that lead to:

A

Decompression sickness

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3
Q

Involves skin, lymphatic system, muscles, and joints

Joint pain outside the thorax: Knees, ankles, wrist

Skin itching and cutis marmorata (marbled bright red, purplish or even bluish pattern on the skin)

Swelling of the lymph nodes

A

DCS Type 1

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4
Q

Treatment for DCS Type 1

A

Neuro exam to rule out AGE or DCS Type II

100% Surface Oxygen via non-rebreather

Transport to nearest Recompression Chamber

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5
Q

Neurological Sx:
-Numbness, paresthesia’s, muscle weakness, mental status changes, impaired urinary function

Inner Ear Sx:
-Tinnitus, hearing loss, vertigo, dizziness, nausea, vomiting

Cardiopulmonary Sx:
-Chest pain, painful inspiration, irritating cough, tachypnea, lung congestion, complete circulatory collapse

A

DCS Type 2

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6
Q

DCS Type 2 has symptoms in which three categories?

A

Neurological

Inner Ear

Cardiopulmonary

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7
Q

Pain

Marbling of skin

Swelling of lymph nodes

A

DCS Type 1

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8
Q

If a diving patient is transported by helicopter, maintain an altitude less than:

A

1000 ft

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9
Q

Treatment for DCS Type II

A

Neuro exam to rule out AGE

100% Surface Oxygen via non-rebreather

Transport to nearest Recompression Chamber

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10
Q

Occurs when gas is forced through torn lung tissue into the loose mediastinal tissues in the middle of the chest surrounding the heart, trachea, and major vessels

A

Pulmonary Over Inflation Syndrome

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11
Q
  • Mild to moderate pain under the breastbone
  • Pain that radiates to the shoulder or back
  • Fullness around the neck and difficulty swallowing
  • Voice change
  • Palpation of the skin near the trachea may result in crepitus (cracking or crunching sound)
A

Mediastinal emphysema

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12
Q

Treatment for mediastinal emphysema

A

Neuro exam to rule out AGE

Cardio/Lung exam to rule out pneumothorax

100% surface oxygen

Shallow recompression to 5-10 FSW may be warranted until symptoms resolve

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13
Q

Caused by air leaking from tissues of the lungs into the space between the lungs and chest wall

A

Pneumothorax

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14
Q

Pneumothorax

Onetime escape of gas

A

Simple pneumothorax

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15
Q

Pneumothorax

Air continues to escape and collapses the lung which compromises cardiac function

A

Tension Pneumothorax

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16
Q

Sudden, sharp chest pain

Shortness of breath

Labored breathing

Rapid heart rate

Weak pulse

Anxiety (impending doom)

A

Pneumothorax

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17
Q

Treatment for Pneumothorax

A

Heart/lung exam

100% O2

Needle-decompression or chest tube

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18
Q

Damage to body tissues from the mechanical effects of pressure, results when pressure differentials between body cavities

During a normal ascent and decompression procedures, these gases come out of the diver’s body at a manageable rate

A

Barotrauma

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19
Q

Types of barotrauma

A

Ear squeeze

Sinus squeeze

Tooth squeeze

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20
Q

Enables the diver to equalize pressure in the middle ear

A

Eustachian tube

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21
Q

If the diver cannot equalize the pressure in the middle ear, the diver will experience a:

A

“Squeeze”

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22
Q

A ear squeeze may result in:

A

TM rupture

Tissue damage

Cochlea/vestibular apparatus injury

23
Q

Sharp pain in the ear

Rupture of the TM

Vertigo

Tinnitus

Hearing loss

Nausea/Vomiting

A

Ear squeeze (Barotrauma)

24
Q

Treatment for ear squeeze barotrauma

A

HEENT exam

Decongestants

Pain medications

25
Q

If a ruptured eardrum is suspected do not administer:

A

Medication directly into the ear canal

26
Q

A diver’s air supply can be contaminated by _______ when the compressor intake is placed to close to the compressor’s engine exhaust

A

Carbon monoxide

27
Q

Headache

Dizziness

Confusion

Nausea

Vomiting

Tightness across the forehead

A

Carbon monoxide poisoning

28
Q

Treatment for Carbon monoxide poisoning

A

Get the diver to fresh air

100% surface oxygen

Transport to hyperbaric chamber

29
Q

Definitive treatment of choice for carbon monoxide poisoning

A

Hyperbaric therapy

30
Q

Abnormally high level of carbon dioxide in the blood and body tissues

A

Hypercapnia

31
Q

Hypercapnia is generally the result of a buildup of carbon dioxide in what?

A

The breathing supply or an inadequate respiratory minute volume

32
Q
  • Increased breathing rate
  • Shortness of breath
  • Confusion or feelings of euphoria
  • Inability to concentrate
  • Increased sweating
  • Drowsiness
  • Headache
  • Loss of consciousness
  • Convulsions
A

Hypercapnia

33
Q

Treatment for Hypercapnia

A

Decreasing the level of exertion to reduce CO2 production

Increasing helmet and lung ventilation to wash out excess CO2

Shifting to alternate breathing source or aborting the dive if defective equipment is the cause

34
Q

Exposure to a partial pressure of oxygen above that encountered in normal daily living

A

CNS Oxygen Toxicity

35
Q

CNS oxygen toxicity

The extent of the toxicity is dependent upon both the:

A

Oxygen partial pressure
AND
Exposure time

36
Q

CNS Oxygen Toxicity

The two areas of the body affected by Oxygen toxicity are the:

A

CNS and pulmonary system

37
Q
  • Tunnel vision, decreased peripheral vision, and other visual symptoms
  • Tinnitus
  • Confusion/Euphoria
  • Inability to concentrate
  • Increased sweating
  • Drowsiness
  • Headache
  • Loss of consciousness
  • Convulsions
A

CNS Oxygen Toxicity

38
Q

Treatment for CNS Oxygen Toxicity

A

Immediately ascend

Shift to a breathing mixture with lower oxygen percentage

In a recompression chamber, remove oxygen mask and follow emergency procedures

39
Q

Seriously interferes with the bloods ability to carry the oxygen required for the body to function normally

A

Carbon monoxide

40
Q

The affinity of carbon monoxide for hemoglobin is ___ times that of oxygen

A

210

41
Q

CO2 =

A

Carbon dioxide

42
Q

Pulmonary oxygen toxicity, is sometimes called:

A

Low pressure oxygen poisoning

43
Q

Can occur whenever the oxygen partial pressure exceeds 0.5 ata

A 12 hour exposure to a partial pressure of 1 ata will produce mild symptoms and measurable decreases in lung function

A

Pulmonary oxygen toxicity

44
Q

Burning sensation during inspiration

Pain during inspiration

Cough

Decreased pulmonary function

A

Pulmonary oxygen toxicity

45
Q

Treatment for Pulmonary Oxygen Toxicity

A

If the patient cannot continue with respiratory discomfort, remove the patient from O2

Consult DMO to modify treatments, increasing air time or air breaks between oxygen periods

46
Q

While conducting breath hold operations, oxygen PPO2 is higher at depth.

During ascent the PPO2 decreases and increases the risk of hypoxia and unconsciousness

A

Shallow water blackout

47
Q

The biggest risk of shallow water black out is:

A

Drowning

48
Q

Unconsciousness close to the surface or subsurface

Hypoxia

Subsequent drowning

Cardiac/Respiratory arrest

A

Shallow water blackout

49
Q

Treatment for shallow water blackout

A

In water: Ventilation, open airway, check breathing, provide 5 rescue breaths

Do not attempt compression in the water

Rule out cardiac arrest once on the boat/shore

If the patient is pulseless continue CPR utilizing ABCs

Transport to nearest ER

50
Q

Indicated for a diver with no pulse or respirations

A

Immediate CPR and application of AED

51
Q

Occurs during swimming or diving operations. Often in young individuals with no predisposing conditions

Believed to be related to exertion, immersion in cold water or overhydrating

A

Swimmer Induced Pulmonary Edema (SIPE)

52
Q

Dull to sharp substernal chest pain

Hemoptysis (coughing up blood)

Shortness of breath

Frothy sputum

A

Swimmer Induced Pulmonary Edema

53
Q

Treatment for Swimming Induced Pulmonary Edema

A

Remove patient from the wet/cold environment

Supplement oxygen

Complete heart/lung exam

EKG

X-ray within 2 hours

For critical patients, use BLS/ACLS and transport to ER

Dive Injuries (1 decks)

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