MD From older spec Flashcards
Reagents and conditions to convert benzene to sulfonic acid
conc. Sulfuric Acid
Reflux
Reagents and conditions to convert benzene to bromobenzene
Liquid Bromine
FeBr3 catalyst
Room Temperature
Reagents and conditions to convert benzene to cyclohexane
(Hydrogenation)
Hydrogen gas, 30 atm
Finely divided Nickel powder
300 Celcius
Reagents and conditions to convert benzene to acylbenzene
(Friedel-Crafts Acylation)
Either Acyl chloride or acid anhydride
Reflux
AlCl3 catalyst
Reagents and conditions to convert benzene to alkylbenzene
(Friedel-Crafts Alkylation)
chloroalkane
Reflux
AlCl3 catalyst
Reagents and conditions to convert benzene to nitrobenzene
conc. Nitric acid
conc. Sulfuric acid
For monosubstitution, keep below 55 Celcius
Reagents and conditions to convert benzene to chlorobenzene
Chlorine gas
AlCl3 catalyst (Anhydrous, ie, no water present)
Room temperature
Reagents and conditions to convert a primary alcohol to bromoalkane
HBr
(NaBr + c. sulphuric acid)
reflux
Reagents and conditions to convert a primary alcohol to chloroalkane
conc. HCl
Reagents and conditions to convert a primary alcohol to an alkene
Solid aluminium oxide 300 degrees OR c. sulphuric acid reflux
Reagents and conditions to convert a primary alcohol to an aldehyde
Acidified potassium dichromate
Distillation
Reagents and conditions to convert an aldehyde to a carboxylic acid
Acidified potassium dichromate
reflux
Reagents and conditions to convert an aldehyde to a primary alcohol
NaBH4
Both sets of reagents and conditions to convert a primary alcohol to an ester
1: Acyl chloride OR acid anhydride
anhydrous conditions
OR
2: Carboxylic acid
c. Conc sulphuric acid catalyst
reflux
Reagents and conditions to convert an aldehyde to a carboxylic acid
Cr2O72-/H+ (aq)
reflux
OR
Heat with Fehling’s solution
Reagents and conditions to convert an aldehyde to a cyanohydrin
HCN
alkaline conditions
Reagent to convert a carboxylic acid to a carboxylate ion
NaOH(aq)
Reagent for converting a carboxylate ion into a carboxylic acid
HCl(aq)
Reagent and catalyst used for converting a carboxylic acid into an ester
An alcohol and concentrated H2SO4 as a catalyst
Reagents for the conversion of a ketone into a cyanohydrin
HCN
+alkali
Reagents for the conversion of a ketone into a secondary alcohol
NaBH4
Conditions and reagents for hydrolysing an ester into a carboxylic acid
Reflux with aqueous avid or alkali
Using alkali gives the salt of carboxylic acid
Conditions and reagents for converting an acid anhydride into an ester
An alcohol, anhydrous conditions, reflux
Conditions and reagents for converting an acyl chloride into an ester
An alcohol, room temperature
Conditions and reagents for converting an acyl chloride into a primary amide
Concentrated NH3(aq), room temperature
Conditions and reagents for converting an acyl chloride into a secondary amide
A primary amine, room temperature
Conditions and reagents for converting either a primary or secondary amide into a carboxylic acid
Reflux with aqueous acid or alkali (Using an alkali results in the salt of the carboxylic acid)
Conditions and reagents for converting an alkene into a bromo-alkane
conc. HBr(aq) at room temperature
Conditions and reagents for converting an alkene into a dibromo-alkene
Br2 in an organic solvent at room temperature
Conditions and reagents for converting an alkene into an addition polymer
Trace O2(g), 200 degrees, 1500atm
Conditions and reagents for converting an alkene into an alcohol
c. H2SO4 followed by H2O or H2O(g) phosphoric and catalyst at 300 degrees and 60 atm
Conditions and reagents for converting an alkene into an alkane
H2(g) finely divided Ni at 150 degrees and 5 atm. (or Pt at room temperature and 1 atm.)
Conditions and reagents needed in order to convert a halogenoalkane into a primary amine
Heat in a sealed test tube with (Concentrated) Ammonia
Name the class of reactions which halogenoalkanes go through
Nucleophilic substitution
Reagent needed for the formation of ethanol from chloroethane
Water
Reagents and conditions needed for formation of an alcohol from a halogenoalkane
Heat under reflux with aqueous sodium hydroxide
