MD 2

Question 1

Biochemical Signaling

What are the four major categories of hormones?

categories = classification same thing

Answer 1

• peptides (proteins/ glycoproteins)
• amines
• steroids
• nonsteroidal lipids

Question 2

Biochemical signaling

in the four categories of hormones which ones are considered amino acid based?

Answer 2

• peptides
• amines

Question 3

Biochemical signaling

what are peptides?

Answer 3

• chain of amino acids
• most hormones
• polypeptide
  - insulin
  - anti- diuretic hormones (vasopressin)
• glycoproteins
  - follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Question 4

Biochemical signaling

What are amines

Answer 4

• tyrosine derivatives (smaller than
• examples:
  - Catecholamines
  - Epinephrine
  - norepinephrine - responsible for adrenaline
• thyroid hormones
• melatonin (regulates sleep cycles)

Question 5

What are steroids?

Answer 5

• cholesterol derivativess
• examples:
  - Gonadal hormones
  - testosterone
  - progesterone
  - estrogen
  - Adremal corticol hormoness
  - cortisol (stress)

Question 6

What is a nonsteroidal lipid?

Answer 6

• derived from arachidonic acid
  Example:
  
  • Prostaglandin F2 Alpha

Question 7

What is the function of prostaglandin?

Answer 7

• functions in certain stages of reproductive cycles in females
• based on arachidonic acid - has a specific designation in a lot of species

Question 8

what are the mechanism of hormonal action?

Answer 8

• hydrophilic hormones
• Lipophilic hormones can enter cell to cause their effect

Question 9

Hydrophilic hormones

Answer 9

water-loving - amines and peptides

act via receptor proteins on the surface of a cell

Question 10

lipophilic hormones

Answer 10

fat loving - steroids and nonsteroidal lipids
can enter cells to cause their effect

• they have to pass through the cell membrane and the receptor will be associated inside the cell aka the nucleus

Question 11

what is the