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MD Flashcards

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1
Q

METAPHYSICS

A

study of what exists and how

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2
Q

Philosophy of mind focuses

A

-mind-body problem
-problem with consciousness
-desire, belief, emotion, intention
-can minds be uploaded into machines

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3
Q

axiology

A

study of value
-ethics, social and political philosophy, philosophy of art

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4
Q

methods of philosophy

A

-argumentation (evaluating inferences, interrogating implicit assumptions)
-analyzing concepts (conceptual clarification)

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5
Q

Philosopher’s argument

A

-consists of premises (uncontroversial truths) and a conclusion
-will either analyze logic of supporting arguments or search for opposing ones
-do not conduct empirical investigations, can use pre-existing ones
-do not need studies; just good arguments

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6
Q

John Searle, is mind a machine?

A

-Premise 1: computer programs are formal (syntatic)
-Premise 2: Human minds have mental contents (semantics)
-Premise 3: syntax by itself is neither constitutive of nor sufficient for semantics
-Conclusion: Programs are neither constitutive of nor sufficient for minds
-attempts to show that idea of minds being machines is inconsistent w/ generally accepted ideas

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7
Q

Thought experiments

A

-devices of imagination
-Mary the Colour Scientist (can colour be described to someone in a black-and-white world)

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8
Q

Linguistic analysis

A

-examining how a term is used

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9
Q

3 Methods of conceptual clarification

A

-intuition and thought experiments
-linguistic analysis
-conceptual reconstruction

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10
Q

Conceptual Reconstruction

A

-forcibly reconstructing a concept

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11
Q

The Pioneer

A

-first to tackle important issues that other disciplines (e.g., science) are unable to currently address
-e.g., problem with consciousness

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12
Q

The Building Inspector

A

-Questions overlooked assumptions of research era
-philosophical investigation demonstrated inadequacies of 1950s behaviouralism and proposed new principles

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13
Q

The Zen Monk/Tinkerer

A

Focuses on arcane but important issues, typically involving conceptual puzzles

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14
Q

The Cartographer

A

-Focuses on understanding and describing how the various elements of cognitive science interact
-produce large-scale conceptual maps; e.g., Haugeland, Artificial Intelligence: The Very Idea (1985)

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15
Q

The Archivist

A

-Tracks the history and development of ideas over time

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16
Q

The Cheerleader

A

-Backs research programs, explains their promise and significance, pushes forward their developments

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17
Q

Logic

A

-Study of correct reason
-examines structure of arguments

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18
Q

Inductive arguments

A

-Premises make conclusions more likely

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19
Q

Deductive arguments

A

-If premises are true, conclusions must also be true
-high validity, difficult to confirm; can be done via mathematical methods

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20
Q

Historical perspective

A

-philosophical way of approaching an issue, based on accumulated insights/arguments of philosophical history

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21
Q

Early History of Psych

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A

-Aristotle (4th century B.C.E); attempted to understand mind-body relationship
-transition from mind-body dualism to monism (18th-20th century)

22
Q

Monism: Luigi Galvani (1737-1799)

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A

-Found that severed frog leg moved when electrical current passed through

23
Q

Monism: Identifying Structure of Brain

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A

-Mid 1800s
-Camillo Golgi’s Reticular theory; neuronal tissue is continuous mesh, evidenced through novel methods of staining/imaging
-Santiago Ramon y Cahal’s Neural Doctrine: Neural system is divisible into functional subunits, expansion of tissues was from growth of dendrites
-Phineas Gage (1823-1860) demonstrated localization of function

24
Q

20th Century Psych History

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A

-Sigmund Freud’s (1856-1939) Psychodynamics: unconscious thought processes/emotional responses to childhood experiences affect later behaviour
-Watson and Skinner’s Behaviourism: Defined psychology as “scientific study of observable behaviour” without references to mental processes

25
20th Century Psych Surgeries
-Wilder Penfield (1891-1976): Treated severe epilepsy by destroying nerve cells -Antonio Egas Moniz (1874-1955): Won nobel prize for lobotomy
26
Early Modern Era (1960s) of Psych
-renewed focus on active mental processes: cognitive revolution, pushback against behaviourism -increased ability to record from brain (Hubel and Wiesel, direct recording of cat visual cortex)
27
History of Psych: Modern/contemporary
-Greater understanding/focus on idea of interactive networks -function no longer thought to be subserved in single locations -computation/processing is done throughout brain networks -recognition of additional environmental factors on cognitive processes
28
Origin of Behaviour/Mental Processes
-Biological influences -Psychological influences -Social-cultural influences
29
Scientific method
-setting up situations to test ideas -making careful, organized observations -analyzing if data fits with ideas -identification of problem, theory generation, experiment design/conduction, comparison of results to theory
30
Divisions of CNS: Cortical
-central fissure and Lateral/Sylvian fissure divide hemisphere into lobes -frontal lobe: motor, complex cognitive functions -parietal lobe: somatosensation, locating objects/self in space -temporal: audition, visual recognition, memory -occipital: vision
31
Divisions of CNS: Subcortical
-Basal Ganglia: motor control -Hypothalamus: biologically motivated behaviours (fight, flee, feed, reproduce (4 Fs)) -brainstem: motor gating, sleep -cerebellum: coordination, balance, speech -thalamus: sensory gating Ctbbh
32
Neurons
-basic functional component of brain -communicates via electrochemical signals -Carry info from senses to CNS (Afferent) -process information -send output to control behaviours (Efferent)
33
Afferent Neurons
-Carry info from senses to CNS for information processing
34
Efferent neurons
-Carry info from CNS to control behaviours
35
Electrochemical Signalling
-neuron stimulation causes brief change in electrical charge; if strong enough, produces depolarization and action potential -depolarization produces another action potential further along axon -as axon potential continues down axon, first section has completely recharged -AP arrives at axon terminal >>> NTs are released from vesicles into synapse>>>NTs act on next neuron to generate AP
36
Dopamine
-involved in reward, sensory processing, motor control -too high causes hallucinations -too low causes motor disorders -artificial stimulation causes both
37
Cynical Theory of Knowledge
-knowledge is nothing more than label we apply to attitudes of elite -underestimates our ability to resist ideas of powerful -word 'know' is not reserved for experts
38
'Know' as a Verb
-among most common verbs in all 6000+ human languages (similar to 'think')
39
Elements of knowledge
-truth, confidence, justification
40
Routes to knowledge
-perception, memory, reasoning, testimony -all can mislead us
41
Stoic Epistemology
-draws distinction between impressions and judgements -you can have an impression (e.g., water on a desert road) without judging (accepting/rejecting) that things are really as they seem -knowledge is wise judgement, acceptance of right impressions -people fall short of knowledge/make mistakes when they accept poor impressions
42
Academic Skeptics
-there are no impressions that cannot be wrong -knowledge is impossible
43
Pyrrhonian Skepticism
-Way of thinking that makes no positive claims at all -suspend judgement on all questions -do not have to fight against raw impulses (e.g., hunger, thirst)
44
PYRRHONIAN STRATEGY FOR GENERATING DOUBT
-whenever tempted to make up mind, consider the other way -do not settle the matter (dogmatism); continue search for evidence
45
Criterion of Truth
-rules that help us decide which impressions are best
46
Sextus Empiricus Generating Doubt
-developed extensive catalogue of ways to keep from settling on any particular answer -phrases that skeptics could say to themselves, e.g., "I determine nothing" and "Perhaps it is, perhaps it isn't" -brought Sextus 'peace of mind'
47
HISTORY OF SKEPTICISM
-dominant philosophical figures in middle ages were firmly non-skeptical -flourished in Indian tradition, Śrīharśa -Resurgence in 15th century Europe; works of Sextus re-discovered -Early 17th century, Rene Descartes (1596-1650) reported that Skepticism was vigorously alive (not actually a skeptic himself)
48
Descartes Thought Experiment
-powerful evil demon dedicated to deceiving you, using your senses and leading you astray each time you attempt to make an abstract judgement -illustrates that we cannot be certain of something entirely; promotes skepticism
49
Responses to Skepticism
-Descartes: God exists, wouldn't deceive us -G.E. Moore: held up hands, shifted burden of proof to skeptic -Bertrand Russel: simplest explanations are preferred, logic vs rationality
49
Responses to Skepticism
-Descartes: God exists, wouldn't deceive us -G.E. Moore: held up hands, shifted burden of proof to skeptic -Bertrand Russel: simplest explanations are preferred, logic vs rationality

Cogs 200 (2 decks)

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