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Cogs 200 > MD > Flashcards

MD Flashcards

1
Q

METAPHYSICS

A

study of what exists and how

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2
Q

Philosophy of mind focuses

A

-mind-body problem
-problem with consciousness
-desire, belief, emotion, intention
-can minds be uploaded into machines

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3
Q

axiology

A

study of value
-ethics, social and political philosophy, philosophy of art

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4
Q

methods of philosophy

A

-argumentation (evaluating inferences, interrogating implicit assumptions)
-analyzing concepts (conceptual clarification)

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5
Q

Philosopher’s argument

A

-consists of premises (uncontroversial truths) and a conclusion
-will either analyze logic of supporting arguments or search for opposing ones
-do not conduct empirical investigations, can use pre-existing ones
-do not need studies; just good arguments

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6
Q

John Searle, is mind a machine?

A

-Premise 1: computer programs are formal (syntatic)
-Premise 2: Human minds have mental contents (semantics)
-Premise 3: syntax by itself is neither constitutive of nor sufficient for semantics
-Conclusion: Programs are neither constitutive of nor sufficient for minds
-attempts to show that idea of minds being machines is inconsistent w/ generally accepted ideas

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7
Q

Thought experiments

A

-devices of imagination
-Mary the Colour Scientist (can colour be described to someone in a black-and-white world)

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8
Q

Linguistic analysis

A

-examining how a term is used

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9
Q

3 Methods of conceptual clarification

A

-intuition and thought experiments
-linguistic analysis
-conceptual reconstruction

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10
Q

Conceptual Reconstruction

A

-forcibly reconstructing a concept

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11
Q

The Pioneer

A

-first to tackle important issues that other disciplines (e.g., science) are unable to currently address
-e.g., problem with consciousness

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12
Q

The Building Inspector

A

-Questions overlooked assumptions of research era
-philosophical investigation demonstrated inadequacies of 1950s behaviouralism and proposed new principles

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13
Q

The Zen Monk/Tinkerer

A

Focuses on arcane but important issues, typically involving conceptual puzzles

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14
Q

The Cartographer

A

-Focuses on understanding and describing how the various elements of cognitive science interact
-produce large-scale conceptual maps; e.g., Haugeland, Artificial Intelligence: The Very Idea (1985)

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15
Q

The Archivist

A

-Tracks the history and development of ideas over time

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16
Q

The Cheerleader

A

-Backs research programs, explains their promise and significance, pushes forward their developments

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17
Q

Logic

A

-Study of correct reason
-examines structure of arguments

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18
Q

Inductive arguments

A

-Premises make conclusions more likely

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19
Q

Deductive arguments

A

-If premises are true, conclusions must also be true
-high validity, difficult to confirm; can be done via mathematical methods

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20
Q

Historical perspective

A

-philosophical way of approaching an issue, based on accumulated insights/arguments of philosophical history

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21
Q

Early History of Psych

A

-Aristotle (4th century B.C.E); attempted to understand mind-body relationship
-transition from mind-body dualism to monism (18th-20th century)

22
Q

Monism: Luigi Galvani (1737-1799)

A

-Found that severed frog leg moved when electrical current passed through

23
Q

Monism: Identifying Structure of Brain

A

-Mid 1800s
-Camillo Golgi’s Reticular theory; neuronal tissue is continuous mesh, evidenced through novel methods of staining/imaging
-Santiago Ramon y Cahal’s Neural Doctrine: Neural system is divisible into functional subunits, expansion of tissues was from growth of dendrites
-Phineas Gage (1823-1860) demonstrated localization of function

24
Q

20th Century Psych History

A

-Sigmund Freud’s (1856-1939) Psychodynamics: unconscious thought processes/emotional responses to childhood experiences affect later behaviour
-Watson and Skinner’s Behaviourism: Defined psychology as “scientific study of observable behaviour” without references to mental processes

25
Q

20th Century Psych Surgeries

A

-Wilder Penfield (1891-1976): Treated severe epilepsy by destroying nerve cells
-Antonio Egas Moniz (1874-1955): Won nobel prize for lobotomy

26
Q

Early Modern Era (1960s) of Psych

A

-renewed focus on active mental processes: cognitive revolution, pushback against behaviourism
-increased ability to record from brain (Hubel and Wiesel, direct recording of cat visual cortex)

27
Q

History of Psych: Modern/contemporary

A

-Greater understanding/focus on idea of interactive networks
-function no longer thought to be subserved in single locations
-computation/processing is done throughout brain networks
-recognition of additional environmental factors on cognitive processes

28
Q

Origin of Behaviour/Mental Processes

A

-Biological influences
-Psychological influences
-Social-cultural influences

29
Q

Scientific method

A

-setting up situations to test ideas
-making careful, organized observations
-analyzing if data fits with ideas
-identification of problem, theory generation, experiment design/conduction, comparison of results to theory

30
Q

Divisions of CNS: Cortical

A

-central fissure and Lateral/Sylvian fissure divide hemisphere into lobes
-frontal lobe: motor, complex cognitive functions
-parietal lobe: somatosensation, locating objects/self in space
-temporal: audition, visual recognition, memory
-occipital: vision

31
Q

Divisions of CNS: Subcortical

A

-Basal Ganglia: motor control
-Hypothalamus: biologically motivated behaviours (fight, flee, feed, reproduce (4 Fs))
-brainstem: motor gating, sleep
-cerebellum: coordination, balance, speech
-thalamus: sensory gating
Ctbbh

32
Q

Neurons

A

-basic functional component of brain
-communicates via electrochemical signals
-Carry info from senses to CNS (Afferent)
-process information
-send output to control behaviours (Efferent)

33
Q

Afferent Neurons

A

-Carry info from senses to CNS for information processing

34
Q

Efferent neurons

A

-Carry info from CNS to control behaviours

35
Q

Electrochemical Signalling

A

-neuron stimulation causes brief change in electrical charge; if strong enough, produces depolarization and action potential
-depolarization produces another action potential further along axon
-as axon potential continues down axon, first section has completely recharged
-AP arrives at axon terminal&raquo_space;> NTs are released from vesicles into synapse»>NTs act on next neuron to generate AP

36
Q

Dopamine

A

-involved in reward, sensory processing, motor control
-too high causes hallucinations
-too low causes motor disorders
-artificial stimulation causes both

37
Q

Cynical Theory of Knowledge

A

-knowledge is nothing more than label we apply to attitudes of elite
-underestimates our ability to resist ideas of powerful
-word ‘know’ is not reserved for experts

38
Q

‘Know’ as a Verb

A

-among most common verbs in all 6000+ human languages (similar to ‘think’)

39
Q

Elements of knowledge

A

-truth, confidence, justification

40
Q

Routes to knowledge

A

-perception, memory, reasoning, testimony
-all can mislead us

41
Q

Stoic Epistemology

A

-draws distinction between impressions and judgements
-you can have an impression (e.g., water on a desert road) without judging (accepting/rejecting) that things are really as they seem
-knowledge is wise judgement, acceptance of right impressions
-people fall short of knowledge/make mistakes when they accept poor impressions

42
Q

Academic Skeptics

A

-there are no impressions that cannot be wrong
-knowledge is impossible

43
Q

Pyrrhonian Skepticism

A

-Way of thinking that makes no positive claims at all
-suspend judgement on all questions
-do not have to fight against raw impulses (e.g., hunger, thirst)

44
Q

PYRRHONIAN STRATEGY FOR GENERATING DOUBT

A

-whenever tempted to make up mind, consider the other way
-do not settle the matter (dogmatism); continue search for evidence

45
Q

Criterion of Truth

A

-rules that help us decide which impressions are best

46
Q

Sextus Empiricus Generating Doubt

A

-developed extensive catalogue of ways to keep from settling on any particular answer
-phrases that skeptics could say to themselves, e.g., “I determine nothing” and “Perhaps it is, perhaps it isn’t”
-brought Sextus ‘peace of mind’

47
Q

HISTORY OF SKEPTICISM

A

-dominant philosophical figures in middle ages were firmly non-skeptical
-flourished in Indian tradition, Śrīharśa
-Resurgence in 15th century Europe; works of Sextus re-discovered
-Early 17th century, Rene Descartes (1596-1650) reported that Skepticism was vigorously alive (not actually a skeptic himself)

48
Q

Descartes Thought Experiment

A

-powerful evil demon dedicated to deceiving you, using your senses and leading you astray each time you attempt to make an abstract judgement
-illustrates that we cannot be certain of something entirely; promotes skepticism

49
Q

Responses to Skepticism

A

-Descartes: God exists, wouldn’t deceive us
-G.E. Moore: held up hands, shifted burden of proof to skeptic
-Bertrand Russel: simplest explanations are preferred, logic vs rationality

49
Q

Responses to Skepticism

A

-Descartes: God exists, wouldn’t deceive us
-G.E. Moore: held up hands, shifted burden of proof to skeptic
-Bertrand Russel: simplest explanations are preferred, logic vs rationality

Cogs 200 (2 decks)

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