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TRCML > MCQs Letsgooo > Flashcards

MCQs Letsgooo Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the statements below describes how mRNA therapeutics work?

A

mRNA therapeutics is a method that introduces mRNA that encodes for functional proteins into the patient’s cells.

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2
Q

Which of the statements below is not true about the applications of mRNA therapeutics?

A

To develop vaccines by forming antibodies against the specific virus

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3
Q

What can mRNA replacement therapy be used for?

A

compensate for a defective gene or protein and supply therapeutic proteins

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4
Q

mRNA vaccines: BioNTech - Pfizer COVID-19 Vaccine (Comirnaty) is a type of

A

prophylactic vaccine

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5
Q

mRNA-based cell therapy: Which of the following cannot be used for mRNA-based cell therapy?

A

Cells from plant

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6
Q

Which of the following advantages of mRNA therapeutics allows for this treatment to work quickly in a short time?

A

Rapid and transient expression of mRNA sequence in the body when administered

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7
Q

Why Is immunogenicity a challenge in mRNA therapeutics?

A

Large MW, High negative charge density of mRNA sequences decreases immune response in the body

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8
Q

What is the advantage of using mRNA therapeutics to specifically treat Glioblastoma Multiforme?

A

Able to pass through the blood brain barrier and the blood tumour barrier

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9
Q

Which of the following is NOT a reason why it is important to develop broad spectrum antivirals?

A

It is important that we are able to treat viral infections and outbreaks before it worsens.

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10
Q

How is mRNA therapy used to approach the treatment of HIV?

A

mRNA therapy is used to induce the production of antibodies against HIV

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11
Q

Which one of the following is NOT a benefit of RNA therapeutics?

A

Stable molecule to work in-vivo

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12
Q

What is one of the key features found in IVT mRNA?

A

5’ and 3’ UTRs

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13
Q

Which of the following is not a characteristic of Propionic Acidemia (PA)?

A

Excess of the enzyme propionyl-CoA carboxylase (PCC)

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14
Q

Which of the following is/are goal(s) of Phase 1/2 of the clinical trial involving mRNA-3927?

A
  • Assess pharmacodynamic response of mRNA-3927 by assessing changes in plasma biomarkers, methylcitric acid (2-MC) and hydroxypropionic acid (3-HP)
  • Characterize pharmacokinetic profile of mRNA-3927
    = Evaluate safety and tolerability of mRNA-3927 administered via IV infusion
  • All of the above
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15
Q

mRNA vaccines can cause insertional mutagenesis in the genome sequence. True or false?

A

True

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16
Q

Which one of these are the types of Cancer Immunotherapy available?

A

Monoclonal antibodies and tumor-agnostics treatment
T-cell therapy
Vaccines
All of the above

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17
Q

Which of the following is a characteristic of live attenuated vaccines?

A

Bacteria or virus is weakened

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18
Q

Which of the following is NOT a step in SAM mRNA production?

A

Addition of adjuvant

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19
Q

What is one key difference between RNA Polymerase and DNA Polymerase?

A

Proofreading ability

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20
Q

What protection does mRNA have against proteases?

A

m7G Cap
Poly-A tail
All of the above

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21
Q

Why would the body’s immune system not reject engineered T cells?

A

Engineered T cells are from the patient’s own bodies

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22
Q

What is a negative side effect of CAR-T cell therapy?

A

Cytokine release syndrome

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23
Q

Why is immunotherapy better than conventional cancer treatment methods?

A

Strengthens bodies’ own immune system to become stronger

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24
Q

What is one of the advantages of using CAR-T cell therapy?

A

Do not require immunosuppression

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25
Q

What is one of the advantages of using TCR cell therapy?

A

Any antigen presented on MHC molecules can be recognised

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26
Q

What is a negative side effect of using TCR therapy?

A

Toxicity issues

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27
Q

Which option is not the reason why fourth generation CAR-T cell therapy is highly anticipated ?

A

Greatly improved affinity through genetic engineering

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28
Q

Which is the correct flow of procedures for TCR therapy after T cells are isolated from the blood of a patient?

A

Activation and Amplification of T cells => Transduce TCRs into T cells => Preclinical test to check for safety=>Transfer T Cells back into patient

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29
Q

Why is TCR therapy generally known to be better at treating solid tumors than CAR-T cell therapy?

A

TCR therapy targets intracellular antigens, which solid tumors commonly express on the surface(Presented on MHC). On the other hand, CAR-T cell therapy targets cell surface protein antigens, which are rarely expressed on solid tumors.

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30
Q

Which option is not one of the challenges of CAR-T cell therapy

A

Reliance on antigen presentation by MHC class molecules

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31
Q

What is the function of Cytotoxic CD8 T-cells in cancer fighting?

A

Secretes perforin & granzymes into tumor cell to trigger apoptosis

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32
Q

Which of the following statements regarding differences in chemotherapy & immunotherapy is FALSE?

A

There are side-effects in chemotherapy such as hair loss, whereas there are no side-effects in immunotherapy.

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33
Q

What does CAR stand for?

A

Chimeric Antigen Receptor

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34
Q

Which of the following is NOT a function of CARs?

A

Release granzymes that cause apoptosis of cancer cells

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35
Q

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of CAR T cell therapy?

A

For heavily pretreated patients only

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36
Q

Which of these conditions can be treated by CAR T cell therapy?

A

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)
Multiple myeloma (MM)
Chronic lymphoma leukemia (CLL)
All of the above

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37
Q

Which of the following is NOT released at the end of TCR signalling transduction?

A

IL-12

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38
Q

What TCR chains are isolated from a T-cell clone to produce the modified T-cells?

A

αβ-chain

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39
Q

Which of the following statements about TCR-T are TRUE?

A

The dosage needed for TCR-T is higher than CAR-T

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40
Q

Which of these are due to TCR-T being restricted to the MHC class?

A

TCR-T is reliant on the immune system of the patient

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41
Q

The antigen binding site on the antibody is called

A

Paratope

42
Q

Which is NOT a function of antibodies?

A

Prevent pathogens from entering the body

43
Q

What is the difference between Tumor-Targeted Immunomodulators and Cytotoxic T Cell Redirecting Bispecific Antibodies?

A

Tumor-Targeted Immunomodulators rely on tumor antigen specificity for activation, while Cytotoxic T Cell Redirecting Bispecific Antibodies do not.

44
Q

What is true about Dual Immunomodulators?

A

They block 2 different checkpoint pathways that suppress cytotoxic effector cell functions.

45
Q

Which of the following statements about CTLA-4, CD28 and B7 is correct?

A

Blocking CTLA-4/B7 interaction enables T cell activation via CD28/B7 interaction

46
Q

What is the main function of the Fc region of Catumaxomab?

A

To selectively bind to Fcγ receptor I-, IIa- or III-positive accessory cells for activation to induce immune responses.

47
Q

How does Emicizumab treat patients diagnosed with Hemophilia A?

A

Replaces Factor VIII, allowing Factor FIXa and Factor FX to gather and form a coagulation complex.

48
Q

Why was Catumaxomab (Removab ®) withdrawn from the European Union Market?

A

It was withdrawn at the request from the Company’s Marketing Authorisation

49
Q

Which of the following are the types of bispecific antibodies in clinical trials?

A

Engagement of immune cells
Targeted payload delivery
Signal blockage

50
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Flotetuzumab (MGD006)?

A

Dual-affinity re-targeting

51
Q

Which of the following is not an inhibitory immune checkpoint molecule?

A

CD-40

52
Q

BsAbs are developed in which one antigen-binding site is directed against the CD3 receptor found on B cells and the other against specific antigens of tumor cells. Is this statement true or false?

A

False

53
Q

Bispecific antibodies is produced in a human body

A

False

54
Q

What is the structure and function of bispecific antibody Blinatumomab?

A

BiTE, Immune cell recruiting

55
Q

What are the advantages of Bispecific antibodies over Monoclonal antibodies?

A

Ability to bind cytotoxic T cells to tumour cells

56
Q

What are the challenges for production of Bispecific antibodies?

A

Heterodimerization of heavy chains

57
Q

How does Blinatumomab lead to tumour cell apoptosis?

A

Polyclonal T-cell anti-tumor response

58
Q

Which of the following is the correct pair of targets that Catumaxomab can bind to?

A

CD3 and EpCAM

59
Q

What clinical trial phase is Tebentafusp in currently?

A

Phase III

60
Q

There is a need to select a tumor-specific tumor antigen as the target for the Bispecific Antibody to be developed because solid tumor antigens are often also expressed on tissues of healthy organs. Is this true or false?

A

True

61
Q

Which of the following is false?

A

Immunomodulators can function as adjuvants by activating adaptive immune system

62
Q

Which of the following is about small immunomodulators is not true?

A

The effects of small immunomodulators are more harsh compared to other therapies

63
Q

Which one of these are NOT SMIs?

A

Monoclonal antibodies

64
Q

Immunosuppressants are responsible for:

A

Reducing cell divisions
Decreasing T-cell activation
Deterring differentiation of immune cells
All of the above.

65
Q

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of BRAF mutations that causes cancer?

A

Enhancing expression of immune-stimulatory molecules

66
Q

Which of the following is incorrect?

A

Small molecule immunomodulators have long life spanS

67
Q

Which of the following is incorrect about immunomodulators?

A

Immunomodulators can overstimulate growth of cells, causing cancer

68
Q

How do ID01 inhibitors help with cancer recovery?

A

It can restore T-cell function

69
Q

What best describes thalidomide analogs?

A

Inhibits LPS-induced TNF-alpha secretion

70
Q

Which of the following describes the limitation of 3rd generation EGFR inhibitors?

A

Patients acquire drug resistance

71
Q

Which of the following are not exogenous immunomodulators?

A

Growth factors

72
Q

Which of the following statements is true about small molecule immunomodulators?

A

They have increased tumor penetration due to their physical properties

73
Q

Which of the following immune responses are affected by the small molecule immunosuppressant, mycophenolate acid?

A

T and B lymphocytes
Cytokines
Macrophages and monocytes
All of the above.

74
Q

Which of the following is not true about small molecule immunomodulators?

A

They are unstable.

75
Q

How does methotrexate help patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Disrupt the folate pathway
Reduce inflammatory cells that cause RA
Prevent long-term joint damage
All of the above.

76
Q

What is the most common side effect caused by methotrexate due to disrupting DNA synthesis of cells?

A

Myelosuppression

77
Q

Which of the following is the main cause of drug resistance ?

A

Gene mutation

78
Q

Immunotherapy techniques are the only part that needs further research on.

A

False

79
Q

Which of the following types of immunotherapy prevents binding of proteins such as CTLA-4, PD-1, and PD-L1 to T cells to allow stronger T cell-mediated immunity?

A

Immune checkpoint inhibitors

80
Q

Which of the following is a dangerous side-effect of immunotherapy?

A

Inflammation of the lungs (pneumonitis)

81
Q

Which of the options are technology used in Patient-Centric Care?

A

Laboratory Information Systems

82
Q

How do reports generated from within the laboratory travel?

A

LIS → EMR → patient portal

83
Q

What are the functions of EpiMOGRIFY

A

Predict conditions for maintenance and conversion conditions in many cell types
Identify transcriptomic switches for cell conversion
Predict and target affected pathway for individualised immunotherapy
All of the above

84
Q

The DNA fragmentation step is the first step in Next-Generation Sequencing. What is the length of DNA fragments produced in the abovementioned step?

A

100-300bp

85
Q

What are pipelines in bioinformatics used for?

A

Transform raw data to interpretable data

86
Q

Which is not a reason why NGS is not widely clinically used right now?

A

Takes too long to train personnel

87
Q

Most of NGS data on FFPE tissue is from sequencing amplicons

A

true

88
Q

Which of the following is a group involved in predicting epitopes from tumour antigens?

A

sequence-based method

89
Q

What are immunological hot-spots?

A

Clusters of T-cell epitopes that promiscuously bind to the multiple alleles of a human leukocyte antigen

90
Q

Which of the following recognizes peptides displayed by HLA class I molecules?

A

CD8+ cytotoxic cells

91
Q

What are some lab tests for detection of cancer?

A

Blood test

92
Q

What does Human Epididymis Protein (HE4) in serum indicate?

A

Ovarian cancer

93
Q

What is the most common cancer causing gene?

A

P53 gene

94
Q

What are immune checkpoint inhibitors made up of?

A

Monoclonal antibodies

95
Q

Which of the following is not a factor that affects immune responses towards immunotherapy?

A

Morphology of cancer cells

96
Q

How do cancer cells evade immune attacks?

A

Stepping on an immune cell brake known as a checkpoint

97
Q

Which of the following is not a reason why defining metastasis cancer patients may not benefit from immunotherapy without cancer genomics?

A

Composition of intestinal microbiota may affect immune response during cancer treatment

98
Q

Which computational tools should you use if you are looking for data on the genomes of zoonotic pathogens responsible for cancer?

A

Agbase

99
Q

Which of the following is not a step to personalized medicine and integration of AI?

A

Drug discovery

100
Q

Which of the following is not a purpose of N-of-1 trials (clinical assessment)?

A

Determine target group population

TRCML (6 decks)

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