MCQS Flashcards
The Data Protection Act2018 GDPR applies to which type of data?
PERSONAL DATA
Which of the following contains an item which is NOT part of a clinical audit?
A- select meaningful topic, prepare audit report, implement necessary changes
B- review literature&identify best practice l, re audit decide a data collection tool
C - agree criteria&standards, plan the audit, prepare an audit report
D- devise a data collection tool and identify changes, evaluate new therapy
D - ‘evaluate new therapy ‘ is not typical part of a clinical audit. Audits focus on assessing CURRENT practice against agreed standards - implement changes to improve practice.
What are the 3 key areas of focus in clinical audit?
STRUCTURE- resources and environment in which care is provided eg staff facilities, equipment
PROCESS- methods used to provide care eg how it’s delivered whether it follows best practice
OUTCOME -result of the care provided such as patient health outcomes or satisfaction
Which is true regarding Clinic audit?
A- requires random allocation to audit group
B- clinical audit is also called a ‘service evaluation’
C- classed as ‘qualitative research’
D- clinical audit measures outcomes against a standard
D.
As the focus is on assessing whether healthcare practices meet predetermined standards/ guidelines. The goal is to identify areas for improvement and ensure that patient care aligns with best available evidence
Which of these studies would inferential statistics most likely use?
A- service evaluation
B- a prospective cohort
C- case study
D- a clinical audit
B - prospective cohort.
(reason- Inferential stats used to make generalisations about a population based on a sample. Prospective cohort study follows a group of individuals over time to observe outcomes and the data collected from the group can be analysed using inferential stats to draw conclusions about the larger population)
Which statement is most appropriate regarding the ethics of clinical audit?
A- it’s important for patients to sign a consent form
B- data protection is 1 of the main consideration in clinical audit
C- proper randomisation is needed for fairness
D- approval should be sought from the local ethics committee
B- data protection is 1 of the main considerations in clinical audit
(Patient data needs to be handled securely in compliance with GDPR)
What is a frequency table mainly used to summarise ?
Ordinal and nominal data
(Frequency tables are most commonly associated with CATEGORICAL DATA like ordinal and nominal )
What is ordinal and nominal data?
Nominal - categories without any inherent order eg gender eye colour
Ordinal - categories with a meaningful order but the intervals between them may not be consistent
What is a scatterplot?
A type of data visualisation that displays the relationship between 2 continuous variables. Each point on the plot represents a pair of values, 1 from each variable plotted on a 2 dimensional axis Y and X.
Which type of data is a scatterplot useful for summarising?
TWO CONTINUOUS VARIABLES
A study compares peak strength (N) between two groups. Which would be a good graph to visualise the differences between the groups?
a.
A box and whisker plot
b.
A scattergram
c.
A bar plot
d.
None of the above
a. A box and whisker plot
A box and whisker plot (also called a box plot) is an excellent choice for comparing the distribution of peak strength (N) between two groups. It visually displays the median, quartiles, range, and potential outliers for each group, making it easy to compare the central tendency and variability of the two groups.
What is the interquartile range (IQR)
a measure of statistical dispersion, or how spread out the data is. It represents the range within which the middle 50% of the data lies. Specifically, it is the difference between the third quartile (Q3) and the first quartile (Q1).
A study has a sample of 120 participants. The authors report that the inter quartile range of the participant ages is 30 (1st quartile = 25 years, 3rd quartile = 55 years) and the median is 40 years. Which of the following is a correct statement:
a.
Ages in this sample have a skewed distribution
b.
Nearly 60 participants are aged between 25 and 55
c.
There are a lot of outliers in this sample
d.
Nearly 80 are older than 40
b. Nearly 60 participants are aged between 25 and 55
A study reports that the mean income of its participants is £150,000 and the median income is £40,000. What is a likely reason for the large difference between the two statisitics?
a.
Income has a highly negatively skewed distribution
b.
None of the above
c.
Income has a normal distribution
d.
Income has a highly positively skewed distribution
d. Income has a highly positively skewed distribution
When there is a large difference between the mean and median, it often indicates that the distribution is skewed, particularly in the direction of the mean. In this case:
Mean = £150,000 (which is much higher than the median).
Median = £40,000.
This suggests that the data is positively skewed, meaning that there are a few individuals with extremely high incomes that are pulling the mean up, while the majority of the participants have lower incomes, reflected by the median being much lower than the mean.
Which of the following variables is an example of an interval variable?
a.
Systolic blood pressure
b.
Presence or absence of back pain
c.
Occupation
d.
Age group
a. Systolic blood pressure
An interval variable is a type of continuous variable where the intervals between values are consistent, but there is no true zero point. Systolic blood pressure is a good example of an interval variable because the differences between blood pressure values are consistent
