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Biochem Sem 1 > MCQs > Flashcards

MCQs Flashcards

1
Q

Hydrogen bond are seen between

A
  1. Water molecules
  2. Complementary bases of DNA (A-T = 3H & G-C = 2H)
  3. Aminoacyl residues in an alpha helix of a protein
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2
Q

General structure of proteins

A
  1. Domains have specific functions
  2. Quaternary structure is present in polymeric proteins
  3. Confirmational changes help to perform their function
  4. AA sequence is not destroyed in denaturation
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3
Q

How glycogen differs from starch

A
  1. Has a protein core (glycogenin)
  2. Produces glucose-1-phosphate upon catabolism
  3. Both are highly branched structures
  4. Both have alpha linkages
  5. Glycogen produces red brown color with iodine
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4
Q

Mucopolysaccharides

A
  1. Binds to cations
  2. Acts as sieves in extracellular matrix (hyaluronic acid)
  3. Helps to clear lipidemia after a fatty meal
  4. Protects gastric epithelium
  5. Water imbibing (absorption)
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5
Q

Isoenzymes

A
  1. Separable by electrophoresis
  2. Catalyses same reactions
  3. Translated by different genes
  4. Has different quaternary structures
  5. Found in different tissues of the body
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6
Q

Electron transport chain

A
  1. Electrons are energy reservoirs
  2. Final electron acceptor is oxygen
  3. Electrons flow from a low redox potential to higher
  4. H+ ions are impermeable to inner membrane of mitochondria but permeable to outer membrane
  5. H+ electrochemical gradient across mitochondrial membrane
  6. Electrons are transported only with a proton
  7. Complex 4 has Cu as a co-enzyme
  8. Electrochemical gradient is not ESSENTIAL for its continuity
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7
Q

HMP shunt

A
  1. Shares intermediates with glycolysis
  2. Thiamine is needed for the reversible reaction
  3. Pentose sugars can be synthesized without producing NADPH
  4. Glucose-6-phosphate regulates HMP shunt
  5. Is active in adrenal cortex
  6. Uses NADPH as cofactor
  7. G6PD is a main regulatory enzyme
  8. Thiamine pyrophosphate is required for non-oxidative phase
  9. Non-oxidative pathway can occur without the oxidative pathway
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8
Q

TCA cycle

A
  1. Affected in niacin deficiency
  2. Important in formation of neurotransmitters
  3. Involved in oxidation of beta hydroxybutyrate acid
  4. Impaired in the absence of oxygen
  5. Alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase activity is high in cardiac muscles
  6. Occurs in presence of oxygen
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9
Q

Fatty acid oxidation

A
  1. Generate FADH2 & NADH
  2. Occurs in mitochondria
  3. Occurs on the beta carbon of the fatty acid
  4. Requires ATP
  5. Occurs as coenzyme A esters
  6. Occurs in the muscle tissue
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10
Q

De Novo synthesis of pyrimidine

A
  1. Aspartate & CO2 is a carbon donor
  2. Two ATP is required
  3. Glutamine & aspartate is a nitrogen donor
  4. Occurs separate to pentose sugar
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11
Q

Overall energy metabolism

A
  1. Glucose is the major source of energy for muscle during heavy exercise
  2. Erythrocytes essentially depend on glucose
  3. Liver cannot utilize ketone bodies (bc no thiophorase enzyme)
  4. Glucose is necessary for fat storage process
  5. Liver glycogen is the main energy source in prolonged starvation
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12
Q

Iron deficiency

A
  1. Serum ferritin level ↓
  2. Serum TIBC ↑
  3. Serum apotransferrine level ↑
  4. Transferrin saturation ↓
  5. Hemoglobin level is not ALWAYS low
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13
Q

Vitamin K

A
  1. Essential for clotting factors 2,7,9,10
  2. Antagonized by warfarin
  3. Synthesized by gut bacteria
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14
Q

Folate

A
  1. Cannot be synthesized inside human body (must be from diet)
  2. Transported in blood as methyltetrahydrofolate
  3. Important in synthesis of thymidine monophosphate
  4. Deficiency causes anemia
  5. Requirement is increased with growth
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15
Q

Amino acids

A
  1. All have asymmetric carbon, except glycine
  2. Composed of C,H,O,N and S (only in methionine & cysteine)
  3. Possesses amphoteric nature in protein
  4. Gives purple color with ninhydrin test
  5. Can be assessed by paper chromatography in urine
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16
Q

Primary structure of proteins

A
  1. Sequence of amino acids
  2. Determined by genetic information in DNA
  3. Stabilized by peptide bonds
  4. Only Tertiary structure affected during confirmational changes
  5. Tertiary & Secondary destroyed during denaturation
17
Q

Transmembrane proteins

A
  1. Facilitates selective permeability
  2. Linked to lipid molecules by hydrophobic + hydrophilic
  3. Spans the lipid bilayer
  4. Acts as receptors
  5. Acts as enzymes
18
Q

Lipids

A
  1. Act as inflammatory mediators
  2. Acts as thermal insulator
  3. Part of membrane signaling system (eicosanoids)
  4. Glycosphingolipid found in oligodendrocytes in the brain
19
Q

Enzymes

A
  1. Are highly specific catalysts
  2. Coenzymes are important for enzyme activity
  3. Substrate binds to active site
  4. Regulator molecules binds to allosteric site
  5. Concentration of an enzyme can be estimated by its catalytic activity
20
Q

Competitive inhibition (inhibitor)

A
  1. Is a structural analog of the substrate
  2. Increases Km value of enzymes
  3. Competes with the substrate
  4. No change in Vmax of the enzyme
  5. Binds to the substrate binding region of the enzyme’s active site
21
Q

Glycolysis

A
  1. Produces ATP by substrate level phosphorylation in erythrocytes
  2. Fluoride is an inhibitor
  3. PFK-1 is the key regulatory enzyme
  4. Contributes to the synthesis of some amino acids
  5. Is a universal energy producing pathway
22
Q

Defects of collagen synthesis

A
  1. Vitamin C deficiency
  2. Lysyl hydroxylase deficiency
  3. Osteoporosis
  4. Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
  5. Epidermolysis bullosa
23
Q

De Novo cholesterol synthesis

A
  1. Occurs in liver cytosol
  2. Requires NADPH
  3. Regulated by insulin
  4. Regulated by HMG CoA reductase
  5. Inhibited by statins
24
Q

Ketone body synthesis

A
  1. Regulated by HMG CoA synthase
  2. Increased in absence of insulin
  3. Activated by excess fat mobilization
  4. Regulated by malonyl CoA
  5. Provides energy for brain in prolonged starvation
25
Q

UDP glucose

A
  1. Involved in galactose metabolism
  2. Substrate of glycogen synthesis
  3. Required for synthesis of glucuronic acid
  4. Not required for metabolism of fructose
  5. Not required for synthesis of purine nucleotides
26
Q

Fructose

A
  1. Metabolism mainly occurs in the liver
  2. Precursor for glycogenesis
  3. Metabolism bypasses PFK-1
  4. Does not affect secretion of insulin from pancreas
  5. Synthesized in sorbitol pathway
27
Q

Fat soluble vitamins

A
  1. Transported in blood mainly bound to carrier molecules
  2. Absorption requires dietary fat
  3. Vitamin E protects plasma membrane
  4. Calcitriol (vit. D) regulates the expression of genes
  5. Vitamin K deficiency affects blood clotting
28
Q

Complex lipids include

A
  1. Waxes = simple
  2. Eicosanoids = derived
  3. Steroids = derived
  4. Fatty acid = derived
  5. Sphingosine = derived
29
Q

Sorbitol

A
  1. Is a monosaccharide
  2. Production is elevated in prolonged hyperglycemia
  3. Synthesized in the kidney
  4. Can be converted to fructose
  5. Accumulation in eye leads to cataracts
30
Q

Collagen type 1

A
  1. Synthesized by fibroblasts, osteoblasts, chondroblasts
  2. Serves as a nucleation site for formation of bone mineral crystals
  3. Found in bones, skin, muscle, tendon
  4. Is a fibrous structure
  5. Is devoid of tryptophan
31
Q

Types of isomerism in carbohydrates

A
  1. D & L isomerism
  2. Optical isomers
  3. Pyranose and furanose ring structure
  4. Alpha and beta anomers
  5. Epimers & aldose ketose isomerism

Biochem Sem 1 (5 decks)

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