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3 Haematology > MCQs > Flashcards

MCQs Flashcards

1
Q

What HB and red cell indices are indicative of severe iron deficiency?

A

HB = 6g/dl
MCV = 60
MCH = 15.5

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2
Q

What might a lack of intrinsic factor be due to?

A

Pernicious anaemia

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3
Q

What is used to fix a peripheral blood smear?

A

Methanol

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4
Q

What is the iron transport protein

A

Transferrin

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5
Q

What anticoagulant is used for cell counting analysis

A

EDTA
Ethylene-diamine-tetra acetic acid

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6
Q

What does polychromasia indicate?

A

The presence of immature red blood cells

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7
Q

Delta checking is a QC tool whereby:

A

Results obtained and compared to previous results

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7
Q

What is the most acute form of malaria caused by?

A

Plasmodium falciparum

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8
Q

What is thrombocytosis?

A

A platelet count above the reference range

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9
Q

How does platelet satellitism affect platelet count

A

May result in a falsely decreased platelet count on an autommated haematology counter

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10
Q

What might a platelet count of 25x10^5/L be associated with?

A

Platelet clumps on a blood smear

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11
Q

What is chronic myeloid leukaemia characterised by?

A

An increased number of immature myeloid cells

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11
Q

What is a major cause of a prolonged APTT?

A

Heparin therapy

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11
Q

What is the most common cause of neutrophilia?

A

Bacterial infection

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11
Q

What might cause a monocytosis?

A

Chronic infections such as TB

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11
Q

What is the most common cause of eosinophilia in Ireland?

A

Allergies or asthma -> rarely parasitic

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12
Q

How do we monitor the intrinsic pathway?

A

APTT assay

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13
Q

What is the inherited abnormality in the factor V molecule that renders it resistant to inactivation by protein C known as>

A

APCR
Activated protein C resistance
such as factor V leiden mutation

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14
Q

What can cause a low MCV and MCH

A

Iron deficiency

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15
Q

What causes microcytic, hypochromic rbcs?

A

Iron deficiency

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16
Q

When are sickle cells seen?

A

Haemoglobin S

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17
Q
A
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18
Q

What causes a vitamin B12 deficiency in most cases

A

Lack of intrinsic factor

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18
Q

What sample are full blood counts carried out on?

A

EDTA samples

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19
Q

What does Perls Prussian Blue stain detect?

A

Iron

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20
Q

What concentration of sodium citrate is used to measure ESR?

A

109 mmol/L

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20
Q

What are schistocytes

A

Fragmented red blood cells

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21
Q

What is thrombocytosis

A

A platelet count above the reference range

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22
Q

What platelet count indicates thrombocytopenia

A

<140 x 10^5/L
e.g. 20x10^5/L

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23
Q

What happens to platelets in chemotherapy

A

Platelet counts are reduced

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24
Q

What might cause a lymphocytosis

A

Viral infections

25
Q

What test is used to confirm a diagnosis of Infectious Mononucleosis?

A

Monospot

26
Q

What is the thromboplastin reagent used for?

A

PT assay

27
Q

Fibrinogen is converted to fibrin by the action of which enzyme?

A

Thrombin

28
Q

What is the recommended test for monitoring low molecular heparin?

A

anti-Xa assay

29
Q

What might cause a lack of intrinsic factor

A

Pernicious anaemia

30
Q

What is an erythroblast

A

A red cell precursor

31
Q

What does a large number of sideroblasts and ringed sideroblasts in bone marrow stained with Prussian blue indicate

A

Sideroblastic anaemia

32
Q

Is haptoglobin part of a haemolytic screen?

A

No

32
Q

What are acanthocytes?

A

Red blood cells with irregularly distributed spicules

32
Q

What is basophilic stippling?

A

RNA aggregates from broken down mitochrondria and ribosomes

33
Q

At what platelet count is spontaneous bleeding most likely to occur

A

<10x10^5/L platelets

34
Q

When is toxic granulation seen?

A

Bacterial infection

35
Q

What is the infectious viral agent in infectious mono

A

Ebstein Barr Virus

36
Q

What physiological protein’s anticoagulant effect is accelerated by heparin

A

Antithrombin

37
Q

What does the ISI value of a thromboplastin reagent stand for?

A

An International Sensitivity Index

38
Q

What is the units for haemoglobin

A

g/dL

39
Q

What are hypersegmented neutrophils indicative of?

A

Megaloblastic anaemia

40
Q

What is the formation of blood cells called?

A

Haemopoiesis

41
Q

What is the staining solution used for manual reticulocyte counting?

A

Methylene Blue

42
Q

What are Howell Jolly Bodies

A

Red cell inclusions made of DNA remnants

43
Q

What is the role of activated platelets?

A

Activated platelets are involved in adhesion, aggregation and release reaction

43
Q

What is anisocytosis

A

Variation in red blood cell size

43
Q

What haematological disorders would you expect to see decreased platelet counts?

A

Any form of acute leukaemia

43
Q

What is immunophenotyping the study of?

A

The study of antigen expression on cells

43
Q

What are myelocytes

A

A form of immature neutrophil

44
Q

What does ISI stand for

A

International Sensitivity Index

45
Q

What clotting factor is deficient in Haemophilia A

A

Factor VIII

46
Q

What factors are reduced when on Warfarin therapy

A

I, II, VII, X
(Vitamin K sensitive factors)
Protein C and S are also affected

47
Q

What is needed to degrade fibrin strands to D-dimers

A

Plasmin

47
Q

A patient has a Hb of 15g/dl and a haematocrit of 0.45L/L, what is the correct MCHC

A

MCHC = Hb/Hct
MCHC = 33.33

47
Q

What treatment is carried out for the reversal of warfarin

A

Vitamin K -> IV

48
Q

What parameter would be affected by a lipaemic sample?

A

Haemoglobin -> spectrophotometrically measured

49
Q

What is the necessary pH for MGG stain?

A

6.85/6.90

50
Q

How does EDTA work?

A

By chelating calcium ions

51
Q

What are large reactive (atypical) lymphocytes with dispersed chromattin and irregular cytoplasmic membrane associated with?

A

Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia

52
Q

How long does Warfarin take to manifest its anticoagulant response?

A

2 days

53
Q

At what pH should the buffer be for a Giemsa stain to examine parasites?

A

pH 7.2

54
Q

A patient has a Hct of 0.45L/L and an RBC count of 5x10^12/L, calculate the MCV

A

MCV = Hctx10/RBC count
MCV = 0.9

55
Q

What is the definition of an acanthocyte?

A

abnormal red blood cells with spikes of different lengths and widths unevenly positioned on the cell surface

56
Q

What is the staining solution used for manual reticulocyte counting?

A

New Methylene Blue stain

57
Q

How does heparin exert its effects?

A

Heparin works via antithrombin, Heparin binds to and enhances the inhibitory activity of the plasma protein antithrombin against several serine proteases of the coagulation system, most importantly factors IIa (thrombin), Xa and IXa

58
Q

Blast criteria for different leukaemias

A

AML > 20% blasts in the marrow or blood

59
Q

MGG stain principle

A
  • MGG stain at pH 6.8
  • Two parts
    o A basic/cationic dye which stains the nucleic acids e.g. azure B (any thiazin)
    o A acid/anionic dye which stains the Hb and eosinophilic granules e.g. eosin
60
Q

What stain is used for films (?) and bone marrow aspirated?

A

May Grunwald Giemsa @ pH 6.8
-> its a Romanowsky type stain

61
Q

Sysmex flow cytometry measurement

A

The intensity of the forward scatter indicates the cell volume.
The side scatter provides information about the internal cell structure and its content, such as nucleus and granules.
The side fluorescence indicates the amount of nucleic acids present in the cell

3 Haematology (12 decks)

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