MCQbank Gap Flashcards
1
Q
risk factor for endometrial cancer
A
obesity
nulliparity
late menopause
FHx of ovary, breast, colon cancer
tamoxifen
HRT
pelvic irradiation
diabetes
PCOS
2
Q
skin swabs in angular chelitis
A
inflammation of the angles of the mouth
- candida albicans, s.aureus and h. simplex
replace poorly fitting dentures, topical antifuncal can use miconazole can potentially use a topical steroid combination product
3
Q
seborrhoeic dermatitis
A
eczema/dermatitis affects the sebaceous gland rich regions of the scalp, face and trunk
malassezia yeast
keratolytics, topical antifungals, mild topical corticosteroids or topical calcineurin, tacrolimus
4
Q
mx of diverticulits
A
co-amxoxiclav
pen allergic = cefalexin and met
5
Q
meningitis mangaement
A
benpen
6
Q
methotrexate side effects
A
methotrexate pneumonitis, pre existing lung disease is a major risk factor and based on methotrexate exposure, sx, labs and imaging findings –> methotrexate cessation and high dose steroids
7
Q
hydroxychloroquines s/e
A
disturbances in hepatic and renal function
retinal toxicity
8
Q
infliximab s/e
A
reactivation of hep b and TB, skin reactions such as drug induced lupus, psoriasiform skin lesions and new onset vitiligo, demyelinating CNS disorders, blood sycrasias, hepatosplenic T cell lymphoma (usually with 6 MCP)
9
Q
sulfasalazine s/e
A
bone marrow suppressions, folate deficiency, megaloblastic anaemia, haemolytic anaemia in people with G6PD deficiency, oligospermia, orange/yellow discolouration of urine and stains contact lenses yellow
10
Q
NHL symptoms
A
lymphadenopathy, weight loss, fatigue and night sweats, splenomegaly
Hepatomegaly occurs less than splenomegaly
11
Q
NHL is associated with
A
EBV, hep c, kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus
sjogrens and hashimotos
h.pylori
R CHOP 21
12
Q
lithium causes in babies
A
ebsteins anomaly
13
Q
isotretinoin abnormality
A
craniofacial anomalies, cardiac defects, thymic development, alterations in CNS
14
Q
warfarin abnormality
A
skeletal abnoramlities (6-9 weeks gestations)
15
Q
deithylstilbestrol abnormality
A
clear cell adenocarcinoma of vagina
16
Q
folic acid antagonist abnormality
A
skeletal malformations
17
Q
carbamazpine abnormality
A
neural tube defects
18
Q
ACEi abnormalities
A
intrauterine renal insufficiency and oligohydramnios
prematurity
intrauterine growth retardation and foetal death
19
Q
can warfarin be given when breast feeding
A
yes
20
Q
what is hyphaemia
A
blood in the anterior chamber secondary to trauma
21
Q
what is the most common cause of red eye
A
conjunctivitis
22
Q
acute angle closure glaucoma appear like
A
exacerbated by pupil dilatation so attacks are more common at night and with use of anticholinergic, sympathomimetic eyedrops
blurred vision, severe pain, nausea and vomitigng
unilateral semi dilated non reactive pupil, hazy cornea
23
Q
acute iritis information
A
a/w systemic conditions –> ank spond, UC, reactive arthritis
PAINFUL red eye with blurred vision and photophobia
unilateral, poorly reactive irregular pupil with circumcornela readness
24
Q
episcleritis vs scleritis
A
scelritis is more severe inflammation of episcleritis that occurs throughout the entire thickness of the scelra
25
keratitis/corneal ulcer
inflammation of the cornea secodnary to infective/traumatic/autoimmune
dendritic ulcer
26
risk of PCV
transformation to myelofibrosis and secondary acute myeloid leukaemia
27
side effect of metformin
low b12 levels
28
mx of whooping cough
prescribe clarithromycin/azithromycin if the cough is within the previous 21 days
29
management of pyelonephritis
cefalexin
30
CI to metformin
lactic and DKA / egfr <30
31
most common causes of acute gastroenteritis in kids
rotavirus, norovirus and adenovrius
32
central cord syndrome
most commonly occurs in older individuals wtih cervical spondylosis / OA in the neck
there is greater motor impairment in the upper compared to lower extremities and variable degrees of sensory loss below the level of injury alongside bladder dysfunction and urinary retention
33
anterior cord syndrome
motor paralysis and loss of pain, temperature and autonomic function --> caused by anterior spinal artery ischaemia
34
MCC of bacterial meningitis in adults
strep pneumoniae
35
seborrhoeic dermatitis and acne rosacea nasolabial folds
seborhhoeic dermatiis affects the nasolabial folds but acne rosacea does not
36
mycoplasma pneumoniae is associated with
bullous myringitis
37
plantar fasciitis causes pain where
causes pain beneath the heel - associated with tissue overload, breakdown and incomplete repair
bilateral plantar fasciitis --> raise suspicion of psoriatic / reactive arthritis
38
light criteria
pleural fluid to serum protein ratio >0.5
pleural fluid to serum LDH ratio >0.6
pleural fluid LDH concentrtation >2/3 upper limit of normal for serum LDH
= exudate
39
what is wet AMD characterised by
choroidal neovascularisation
40
what is diabetic retinopathy characterised by
microaneurysms, dot and blot and flame haemorrhages
41
what is HTN retinopathy seen in
AV nicking
42
what is a side effect of sildanafil
visual disturbnaces can go blue, non arteritic anteior ischaemic optic neuropathy
43
contraindication of sildenafil
nitrates, non anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy, hypotension (avoid if SBP <90), recent stroke/MI, unstable angina
44
first episode of tonic clonic seizure, risk of another episode
30-50%
45
ANA
SLE
46
antiro/la
sjogren's syndrome
47
anti centromere
CREST
48
antimitochondrial
PBC
49
which antidepressants are sedating
mirtazapine, trazodone, lofepramine
50
what can precipitate gout
alcohol, diuretics, salicylates, pyrazinamide, ethamnbutol, nicotinic acid, cytotoxic agents
51
what would you prescribe between attacks of menieres disease
betahistine - relieves pressure from xs fluid
52
background of menieres
vertigo, tinnitus, hearing loss
sensorineural deafness and loss of lower frequencies is moer pronounced
nystagmus away from affected ear
53
causes of bleeding in 1st trimester
spontaneous abortion
ectopic pregnancy
hydatidiform mole
54
causes of bleeding in second trimester
spontaneous abortion
hydatiform mole
placental abrotpion
55
causes of third trimester
bloody shows
placental abruption
placental praevia
vasa praevia
56
where is most commonly affected in costochodnritis
2-5 costochondral junctions
57
difference between costochondritis and tietze's syndrome
tietze's syndrome is characterised by swelling of the costal cartilages, while in costochondritis there is no swelling
58
causes of CN III palsy
DM very common cause
aneurysm (compression)
leukaemia (infiltrative)
toxic (chemo)
59
what is a holmes adie pupil
parasympathetic denervation of the affected pupil - the affected pupil appears dilated at rest. there is poor or sluggish pupillary constriction in bright light. Constriction is more notable with the near reaction and remains constricted with slow re-dilation. Patients may also have decreased deep tendon reflexes in the full holmes adie pupil.
60
Margus gunn pupil
RAPD
61
pupil damage
62
where is damaged in RAPD
optic nerve or retina
there is a unilateral lesion in afferent visual pathway anterior to the chiasm
63
CN III lesion in diabetes
usually the pupil is spared
64
Argyll Robertson pupils
Accomodation reflex pupil, pupillary reflex absent
65
what causes a holmes adies pupil
large and irregular pupil that is slow to constrict to light but constricts normally with accommodation - once pupil has constricted it remains small for an abnormally long time
66
causes of holmes adie upil
efferent parasympathetic pathway damage, most cases are idiopathic
67
how much paracetamol do you need to take to OD
>150mg/kg body weight
68
risk factors for bladder cancer
nitrosamines
aromatic amines, polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons, rubber, dyes, paints, solvents, cyclophopshamide, pioglitazone
69
suspected bladder cancer 2WW
over 45 and unexplained visible haematuria without UTI
aged > 60 and unexplained non visible haematuria and either dysuria / raised WCC on bloods
70
ottowa knee rules
age over 55
isolated tenderness of patella
tendereness at head of fibula
inability to bear weight immediately and in the ED
71
side effects of hydroxychloroquine
disturbances in hepatic/renal function
retinal toxicitiy and deposition of the drug in the cornea
72
infliximab s/e
reactivation of hepatitis B and TB
drug induced lupus, psoriasiform skin lesions
demyelinating CNS disorders
blood dyscrasias
hepatosplenic T cell lymphoma
73
sulfasalazine s/e
74
prednisolone s/e
75
Lyme disease sx
76
when to suspect early lyme disease
77
when to consider late lyme disease
78
testing of lyme disease
79
Mx of lyme disease
80
High risk cholecystectomy
In this case --> do an ERCP and sphincterotomy
81
which conditions are erythema abigne seen in
hypothyroidism and lymphoedema
mx with topical tretinoin or laser
82
hereditary spherocytosis
83
sideroblastic anaemia
84
accessory inspiratory muscles
SCM
scalene muscles
external intercostal muscles
pectoralis major and minor
serratus anterior and posterior
latissimus dorsi
85
accessory expiratory muscle
abdominal muscles
internal intercostal muscles
86
pyridostigmine MOA
87
congenital bleeding disorders
88
acquired bleeding disorders
89
what does APTT measure and what activates it
negative charge
90
what does PT measure and what activates it
tissue factor
91
Fanconi syndrome
92
most sensitive test for vesicoutreteric fistula
CT SCAN
93
8 - 12 weeks gestation
94
10-13 weeks gestation
95
11-13+6 weeks
96
16 weeks
97
18-20+6 weeks
anomaly scan
98
25 weeks if primip
99
28 weeks
100
31 weeks (if primip)
routine care: BP, urine dipstick and SFH
101
34 weeks
102
36 weeks
103
38 weeks
routine care - BP, SFH and urine dipstick
104
40 weeks (only if primip)
routine care - BP, SFH and urine dipstick
discussion about options for prolonged pregnancy
105
41 weeks
routine care - BP, SFH and urine dipstick
dsicuss labour plans and possibility of induction
106
Autosomal dominant inhertied conditions
structural
107
amantadine used in
PD, post herpetic neuralgia and influenza A
107
autosomal recessive conditions
metabolic/enzyme defects
108
anaemia in pregnancy
dilutional anaemia
blood volume increases to a greater extent than red cell mass --> reduced blood viscocity
109
management of recurrent apthous ulceration
topical corticosteroids
110
classic typhoid symptoms
111
placental abruption
112
placenta praevia
113
vasa praevia
114
z deformity
115
boutonniere deformity
116
what causes headaches in the morning that are improved by standing
117
LA doses
118
achilles tendon rupture
119
PMR
120
absence seizures
121
malignant melanoma
122
abx management of respiratory tract infections
123
urinary tract infections abx
124
GI tract infections management
125
genital tract infections abx
126
skin and soft tissue infections abx
127
when in hcg detectable
positive 9 days post conception until 20 weeks of pregnancy
128
patient presents with PPIs in the absence of alarm sx what is the management
full dose PPI for one month then review
129
if there is no improvement following addition of PPI for dyspepsia
test for h.pylori with a 13C breath testh
130
how long to abstain from abx / ppis with urea breath test
4 weeks abx
2 weeks PPIs/H2 antagonists
131
uninvestigated dispesia
132
schneider's first rank symptoms of schizophrenia
133
cervical ripeness assessement
134
management for newly diagnosed generalised tonic clonic seizures
sodium valproate
135
hand foot and mouth disease
136
keratoancanthoma
137
difference between PD and dementia with lewy bodies
138
amiodarone side effects
139
dosage of amlodipine with simvastatin
when amlodipine is used with simvastatin the max. dose of simvastatin should only be 20mg
140
risk factors for hyperemisis gravidarum
141
causes of gingival hyperplasia
phenytoin
ciclosporin
nifedipine and other CCBs
142
urinary changes and their causative factors
143
side effects of ethambutol
144
side effects of isoniazid
145
side effects of pyrazinamide
hyperuricaemia
hepatitis
146
side effcts of rifampicin
147
acute sinusitis
148
syringomyelia
149
pseudobulbar palsy
150
classification of haemorrhoids
151
MCC of SBO
postoperative adhesions
malignancy
crohns disease
hernias
152
what to do if someone presents with raised bilirubin
153
what does TB look like on a CT scan
tuberculomas appear as a low or high density round / lobulated mass
154
lupus vulgaris
155
TB meningitis explained
the TBM bacilli seed to the meninges resulting in the formation of small foci called rich foci
rich foci increase in size until ruptures into the Sub arachnoid space
there are focal neurological deficits
visual symptoms
tremor
156
turners syndrome
45 XO
short stature
gonadal dysgenesis
lymphoedema
157
what colour sputum in strep pneumoniae
blood tinged - looks rusty
158
steroid cream ladder strength
159
what happens if you have a blephorplasty and they take excess skin and then you cant close eyelids properly
lagopthalmos
160
pinguecula
common degenerative nodule of the conjunctiva
161
what can cause substance induced psychosis
162
primary biliary cirrhosis
163
pseudohypoparathyroidism
164
cushingoid symptoms
what is there is undetectable ACTH --> suggests adrenal adenoma
165
risk of smoking in pregnancy
166
tetanus vaccination guidelines
167
168
mortons neuroma
169
where is pain felt in plantar fasciitis
beneath the heel
170
freiberg's disease
171
EEG findings in tonic clonic seizure
bisynchronous epileptiform activity in both cerebral hemispheres
172
tonic seizures
impair consciousness and stiffening
173
clonic seizures
cause jerking and impairment of consciousness
174
tonic clonic seizures
cause stiffening and jerking and impairment of consciousness
175
typical absence seizures
begin in childhood
there is sharp onset and offset with no residual symptoms
normal acitivity is interrupted and the child stares for a few seconds
there may be eyelid twitch and some small jerking movements of the fingers
absence seizures may occur 100s of times
176
177
myoclonic seizures
brief, shock like contraction of the limbs, without LOC
178
atonic seizures
sudden brief attacks of loss of tone, a/w falls and LOC
179
focal onset seizures
start in one area of the brain
focal motor --> jerking movement (face or hand and spread to involve the limbs)
focal sensory --> temporal lobe seizures (sensory, automatic, emotional, cognitive)
secondarily generalised seizures --> focal seizure before spreading to generalised
180
trigeminal neuralgia
181
difference between myelodsyplasia and aplastic anaemia
aplastic anaemia occurs in younger people
bone marrow is hypocellular in aplastic anaemia but hypercellular in myelodysplastic syndrome
aplastic anaemia - marrow stops making enough stem cells but in MDS the marrow produced abnormal cells
182
causes of bloody diarrhoea
183
FIT testing criteria
184
most common childhood epilepsy
benign rolandic epilepsy
185
pterygium
benign growth of the conjunctiva commonly growing from the nasal side of the sclera
a/w UV light and foind in people who work outdoors in hot dusty places
186
difference between pterygium and pinguecula
pterygia grow over the edge of the cornea and pingueculae don't
187
endocrine system changes during pregnancy
188
pregnancy cardiovascular changes
189
pregnancy respiratory changes
190
pregnancy GIT changes
191
pregnancy urinary tract changes
192
pregnancy haematological changes
193
pregnancy metabolic, skin, MSK changes
194
blood results in pregnancy
195
patients with carcinoid tumours may be deficient in...
niacin --> pellagra
196
characteristics of diabetic retinopathy
197
198
Gell and coombs hypersensitivity
199
stress and urge incontinece mx
200
drug induced seizures causes
201
stage 1, 2, 3 HTN
202
koplik spots
spots on the buccal mucosa (opposite the lower 1st and 2nd molars) are pathognomic for measles
203
azathioprine reaction ACEi
anaemia and severe leukopeniar
204
eyrthema toxicum neonatorum
205
side effect of atenolol
ED
206
causes of ED medications
207
HSP
208
what can be used to treat gynaecomastia
tamoxifen
209
most common site of colorectal
rectum
210
management of transient synovitis
rest and NSAIDs
211
central retinal artery occlusion
212
mechanisms of adminsitration of theophylline
oral or injectable preparations
213
most common bacetial cause of cellulitis
strep pyogenes / s aureus
214
description of basal cell caricinoma
non healing ulcer on the tip of nose
enlarging
rolled edges
215
friable exophytic lesion
squamous cell carcinoma
216
MAOI and SSRI
avoid together can cause seroronin syndrome
217
light criteria
218
PMB is
endometrial cancer until proven otherwise
219
pinworm mx
enterobius
220
medullary thyroid cancer
221
p450 enzyme inducers and inhibitors
The mnemonic CRAP GPs can be used to easily remember common CYP450 inducers.
Carbemazepines
Rifampicin
Alcohol
Phenytoin
Griseofulvin
Phenobarbitone
Sulphonylureas
The mnemonic SICKFACES.COM can be used to easily remember common CYP450 inhibitors.
Sodium valproate
Isoniazid
Cimetidine
Ketoconazole
Fluconazole
Alcohol & Grapefruit juice
Chloramphenicol
Erythromycin
Sulfonamides
Ciprofloxacin
Omeprazole
Metronidazole
222
diagnosis of myasthenia gravis
223
how to manage children at home with clinical features of diarrhoea
224
MOA streptokinase
225
CXR findings bronchiectasis
tram tracking appearance with dilated lower lobe
226
is turners a/w hypothyroidism
yes
227
progesterone only pill rules for missed pill
if you forget a pill take it as soon as you remember. if more than 3 hours overdue you are not protected --> use a condom over the next 2 days
228
UKMEC 3 POP
229
starting the POP
230
missed pill rule POP
231
pulsus paradoxus
232
which antibodies with systemic scleroderma
anti-scl70
233
sectioning
234
most common cause of IE overall
s.aureus
235
UC monitoring
colonoscopy with multiple biopsies
236
tonsillectomy indications
237
anticardiolipin antibodies are found in
238
difference between provoked and unprovoked DVT
239
how many days post conception do you get a positive BHCG
9 days
240
rusty coloured sputum
strep pneumoniae
241
downs syndrome risks
242
atypical UTI in paeds
243
what is nitrofurantoin c/i in
G6PD and acute porphyria
244
duration of abx for UTI
245
DEXA scan indication
246
roseola infantum
247
cat scratch disease
248
which SSRIs are of choice during breastfeeding
paroxetine and sertrlaine
249
when to screen for post natal depression
4-6 weeks and 3-4 months
250
urinary sodium <20mmol means what
pre-renal --> therefore hypovolaemic
251
what causes post-TURP colicky abdo pain and anuria
palpable bladder
clot retnetion
252
chlamydia psittaci
253
hallux valgus
254
indications of ECMO in paeds
255
what is the best early indicator for diabetic nephropathy
microalbuminuria
256
what do you use for fungal nail infection
amorolfine (topical) and terbinafine
257
tx for lice
dimerticone - permethrin no longer indicated
258
rash on cheek sparing nasolabial folds - preceeding episode of feeding generally unwell with a sore throat and fever.
fifth disease
259
what makes acne worse
260
genitourinary TB
261
examples of pupil dilators
262
what is rheumatoid factor
IgM antibody
263
IgM antibodies
264
IgA antibodies
265
IgG antibodies
266
IgD antibodies
267
diagnosis of TB
throat swab
268
management of shingles
269
ESR and LH levels in anorexia
ESR normal
LH depressed
270
causes of macrocytic anaemia
271
which bacteria causes UTIs in young sexually active women / abnormalities of urinary tract
staph saprophyticus / pseudomonas and staph epidermidis
272
most common valve and causative pathogen of IE
s.aureus and affetcs the tricuspid valve
273
difference between location of aorta dissection
274
s/e of chloramphenicol
275
encapsulated baccyy
276
exposure to UV light causes
277
causes of brown urine
278
causes of brown/black urine
279
causes of green/blue urine
280
cause of orange urine
281
cause of red urine
282
cause of yellow urine
283
what is lichen simplex
284
COCP MOA
285
extraperitoneal urine extravasation management
286
urethral injuries
287
post-campylobacter sequelae
288
5HT3 receptor antagonist indications
post operative and cytotoxic drug related nausea and vomiting
289
dopamine antagonist
290
antihistamine anti emetics
291
metoclopramide indication
gastritis, gastric stasis, functional bowel obstruction
292
cylizine indication
mechanical bowel osbtruction, raised ICP, motion sickness
293
haloperidol indication
metabolic causes of vomtiing --> hypercalcaemia / renal failure
294
symptoms of TCA OD
dilated pupils, dry mouth, drowsiness, sinus tachycardia, urinary retention, increased tendon reflexes and extensor plantar responses
295
what to do if CCB are not tolerated
thiazide like diuretic
296
HSP
purpuric rash, GI symptoms, joint pain and renal invovlement
297
complications of HSP
298
fibromyalgia criteria for diagnosis
widespread pain for at least 3 months and multiple localised tender areas
299
oesophageal spasm symptoms
central crushing chest pain, intermittent dysphagia and globus
corkscrew oesophagus
300
secondary prevention of atherothrombotic events
301
MEN 1 symptoms
302
MEN 2
303
X linked dominant conditions
alports syndrome
rett syndrome
vitamin d resistant rickets
fragile x
304
X linked recessive conditions
androgen insensitivity
becked muscular dystrophy
colour blidnness
duchenne
fabry's disease
G6PD deficiency
haemophilia A and B
Hunters disease
lesch nyhan syndrome
nephrogenic diabetus insipidus
ocular albinism
retinitis pigmentosa
wiskott aldrich syndrome
305
bloods in hyperPTH
306
bloods in hypoPTH
307
active TB vs latent TB management
308
patau syndrome features
309
HPV screening
310
first line management for TB meningitis
isoniazid
311
BPPV
312
shoulder impingement syndrome vs subacromial bursitis
shoulder impingement - when rotator cuff tendons intermittently catch during shulder movements
causes injury to the shoulder tendos and bursa resulting in pain and often weakness when raising the arm
subacromial burisitis - pain over a 60 degree arc when the arm is abducted
313
papillary muscle rupture
they usually occur in the first 24-72 hours
314
when does left ventricular aneurysm occur
usually a late complication
315
hypersensitivity to egg w/ previous anaphylaxis
cant have influenza vaccines, tick borne encephalitis and yellow fever vaccine
316
what to do when 2 live virus vaccinations are needed
simultaneously at different sites / separated by an interval of at least 4 weeks
317
live vaccines and neurological issues
no refer to specialists
318
hartnup disease
319
what vaccines contain egg protein
MMR and influenza
320
testicular torsion sympoms
absent cremasteric reflex, tender, high riding testicle with transverse lie
321
most common type of kidney stone
calcium oxalate
322
management of tinea of the scalp
oral griseofulvin and keotconazole shampoo
323
ameobiasis management
metrondiazole
324
goodpastures syndrome
diffuse pulmonary haemorrhage, glomeulonephritis and circualting anit-glomerular basement membrane antibodies
- there is pulmonary and renal disease
325
causes of high PSA levels
old age
acute urinary retnetion
urinary catheterisation
prostatitis
prostate carcinoma
TURP
BPH
326
different types of portal HTN
327
what type of virus is influenza
orthomyxovirus (RNA virus
328
what does adenovirus cause
conjunctivitis
329
different types of viruses
330
gamekeepers thumb
injury to the UCL of the htumb (avulsion fracture ) at the ulna corner of the base of the proximal phalanx
331
boxers fracture
minimally comminuted transvers fractures of the 5th metacarpal neck
332
rolando fracture
three part / comminuted intra articular fracture dislocation of the proximal first metacarpal - comminuted bennett fracture
333
which conditions must sriving be ceased post
angioplasty
STEMI and angioplasty
pacemaker implantation
334
which conditions must cease for 4 weeks - driving
CABG STEMI
NSTEMI
335
driving should cease if
patietn has angina at rest
336
when should DVLA be informed for driving
AAA >6 and artythmia
337
post MI how long to avoid sex
1 month
338
how long to take off work post MI
2 months
339
listeria abx
amox and gentamicin
340
toxoplasmosis drug management
spiramycin
341
what is the difference between pinna cellulitis and perichondritis
in perichondritis the ear lobe is spared
342
what is pinna cellulitis vs perichondiritis
can occur as a complication of acute otitis externa - complciation of eczema or psoriasis
pinna perichondritis is a result of penetrating including ear piercing
- it can lead to necrosis and cauliflower ear or cause nec fasc
343
MCC of pinna cellulitis and perichondritis
pinna cellulitis = s.aureus
pinna perichondritis = pseudomonas
344
exacerbation of COPD abx
amoxicillin 500mg TDS
doxycycline 200mg on day 1 then 100mg OD or clarithromycin 500 BD
alternative choice
co-trimoxazole
levofloxacin
345
post streptococcal glomerulonephritis info
346
what is duodenal atresia
failure of recanalisation of the bowel lumen - it makes it into a solid tube
vomiting within the first 24 hours
scaphoid abdomen with absent bowel sounds
double bubble sign - the first bubble is due to the gas filled distended stomach and the second to the postpyloric and prestentonic dilated duodenal loop
347
what is bergers disease
most common type of glomerulonephritis in adults worldwide that presents as nephritis syndrome 24-48 hours post URTI.w
348
what is the difference between bergers disease and post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
the timing. bergers occurs 24-28 hours post URTI. while poststrep glomerulonephritis occurs 2 weeks post.
349
where are subhyaloid haemorrhages seen
in SAH
350
management of an acute attack of cluster headache
sumatriptan and oxygen.
prophylaxis - prednisolone and verapamil
351
what do you use to screen for depression and anxiety in hospital
HADS scale - used in hospital
14 questions for anxiety and seven for depression
352
what symptoms are usually related to colitis and what aren't
353
glucagonoma symptoms
diabetes dermatosis DVT depression
- necrolytic migratory erythema
354
what is erythema toxic neponatorum
idiopathic transient rash that occurs in the newborn period
355
what is the difference between otitis media and OM with effusion
AOM there is bulging opacified tympanic membrane with an attenuated light reflex. membrane may be white, yellow, pink or red.
Can form complications of otitis media with effusion
OME is fluid in the middle ear without an acute infection. Most common presentation is conductive hearing loss.
356
what is bullous myringitis
357
scarlet fever diagnosis
clinic but antistreptolysin O titres can be helpful
358
infusion of glucose without thiamine in a patient with chronic thiamine deficiency can...
precipitate wernickes encephalopathy
359
what is wernickes encephalopathy
acute mental confusion
ataxia
opthalmoplegia
360
what is menieres disease
vertigo tinnitus and hearing loss
361
difference between BPPV menieres and vestibular neuronitis
362
what happens in chronic renal failure with ingestion of normal protein
fixed acids will be produced from protein catabolism
leads to metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation
363
blood changes during pregnancy
WCC increased
platelets fall
364
endocrine changes during pregnancy
365
CV changes during pregnancy
366
respiratory system changes during pregnancy
367
overall blood changes during pregnancy
368
interactions of COCP
rifampicin, St johns wort, anticonvulsatns and antiretrovirals and meds that cause diarrhoea and vomiting
369
what to give during an acute attack of menieres disease
prochloperazine or cinnarazine
370
fregoli syndrome vs capgras
fregoli - familiar person is falsely identified in strangers
capgras - familiar person is supplanted by a stranger
371
furosemide with renal failure
higher doses needed
372
HHS fixed rate
0.05 units/kg/hr
373
caplans syndrome
pulmonary fibrosis in coal miners who have RA
374
what is the most common cause of pleural effusion
malignancy then heart failurewh
375
what does optic atrophy look like on fundoscopy
pale optic disc
376
what is the hallmark of diabetes insipidus
urine specific gravity of 1.005 or less and a urine osmolality less than 200
377
different types of diabetes insipidus
378
what causes increased specific gravity
379
what causes decreased specific gravity
excessive fluid intake
renal failure
pyelonephritis
central and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
380
management of hyperthyroid during pregnancy
PTU and carbimazole
PTU is used in the 1st trimester instead of carbimazole
381
posterior urethral injuries are located where
in the membranous and prostatic urethra
they are most commonly related to major blunt trauma such as RTA and falls and pelvic fractures
382
anterior urethral injuries are located
distal to the membranous urethra
come from blunt trauma to the perineum (straddle injuries), appearing years later as a stricture
383
does atropine constrict or dialte pupils
dilate pupils
384
what does pilocarpine do to pipils
causes constriction
385
retroperitoneal fibrosis
involves proliferation of fibrous tissue in the retroperitoneum over the anterior surface of L4-L5
leads to entrapment of retroperitoneal structures, notably the ureters
a/w ankylosing spond, SLE, scleroderma, systemic vasculitis, wegeners, polyarteritis nodosa, raynaud's disease, RA, riedels and immune complex membranous glomerunoephritis
metastatic malignancy
b blockers, methysergide and methyldopa
386
riboflavin deficiency causes
cracked red lips, inflammation of the lining of the mouth and tongue, mouth ulcers, cracks at the corners of the mouth and sore throat
387
what is the unhappy triad
ACL, MCL and medial meniscus tear
valgus stress to the knee from a cotnact injury / high velocity trauma
388
what drugs cause dry mouth
389
what drugs increase salivary production
clozapine, neostigmine
390
what drugs decrease taste acuity / alteration in taste sensation
391
duchenne muscle dystrophy
x linked recessive condition in which there is progressive proximal muscular dystrophy and pseudohypetrophy at the calves
392
facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy
difficulty sucking through straw
- starts in the face and then progresses to the shoulder girdle, humeral muscles and abdominal muscles and then the anterolateral compartment of the leg
winging of the scapular is the most characteristic sign
393
management of ED
394
urine collection in young child mechanism
clean catch urine
