MCQ's Flashcards
Mutation in humans which means they don’t feel pain
SCN9A. Nav 1.7 voltage gated sodium channel mutations in the alpha subunit
newer cox 2 drugs
Less bleeding as GI tract and platelets have mainly COX 1, Less nephrotic, increase risk of MI and stroke
Codeine is less effective in some people
Minimal enzyme in some people
Step 2: weak opioids/ non opioids, NSAID
codeine, opioids, tramadol, nefopram
Step 3: severe pain
Strong opioids; morphine, fentanyl patch (transdermal)
How long can you sedate someone for
2 hours
General anesthetic patients are unconscious which means
Unarousability and loss of protective reflexes, potential for aspiration, obstruction and nerve damage due to prolonged pressure
Steps of GA
induction, secure airway, maintenance, emergencelit
Hyper IgM immunodeficient is a B cell deformity , and mutation sin CD40 mean that
class switching cant occur - where IgM turns into IgG so this cant happen
IgA deficiency is the most common deficiency
1 in 700 caucasions. Its the failure in terminal differentiation of B cells to plasma cells. Individual develop a type 3 deficiency
no Btk = no B cell maturation and no IgG
You require multiple injections of gammaglobulin
pemphigus is a type 2 reaction and is against
against gap junctions
You have autoantibodies again desmoglien 1 and 3
Pemphigoid is against
Hemidesmosomes, prevents binding of epithelial with dermis at the basement membrane
SCID severe combined immunodeficiency
T cell deficiency but affects B cells too
Candida infections are common
defective IL‐2R gene
common in men
Di George
Defiency in your T cells. Wide spread eyes, low set eyes, upper lip shortened, abnormal aorta
MHC II Deficiency
Failure to express MHC II antigens on APC. Lack of CD4 cells
Hereditary Angioneurotic Edema
most common Complement deficiency. Recurrent swelling
Defects in phagocytes that can be fatal
CGD chronic granulatomus disease - phagocytes cant form superoxides. To dx: cant reduce nitroblue tetrazoliium ( ) NBT dye
Leukocytes adhesion deficiency
LAD type 1
LAD type 2
CD18 deficiency
CD15
secondary immunodeficiency
Drugs, nutrition, burns, viruses
Corticoids causes what to blood
Lymphocytopenia
Monocytopenia
Neutrophilia
Chemo: cyclophosphamide
activated in the body, it cross-links DNA to stop cell proliferation and increase apoptosis
Azathioprine
converted to 6-mercaptopurine in the body and then metabolised to thiosinic acid
Pyrimidine
Inhibition of thyidylate synthesis 5fu
HIV
Monitor CD4 count by Flow cytometry
Kaposi sarcoma
Tumour of endothelial cells
Affinity
Binding strength between epitope and antibody binding
In monoclonal antibodies production what is used to produce hybridomas
Polyethene glycol (antifreeze)
In the wells in Monoclonal antibody production, what is put
HAT, hypoxanthine, aminopterin, thymidine
A titre
of an AB is defined as the lowest dilution of the sample that retains a detectable activity
Test for influenzas
Hemagglutination inhibition test
If anti haemogluttin ABs are produced - they will sink, if not they will agglutinate
Strep bacteria are detected by Antistreptolysin test
if pt serum has Ab to O toxin it will neutralise O toxin and stop it lysing RBC
ELISA
Ag, Ab, or proteins
In HIV, pts the number of CD4 cells means, if they are low
Its progressed to AIDS
EC50
Drug conc required to produce 50% max effect
Potency
How much is required to Produce the effect
Efficacy
Relationship between receptor occupancy and ability to initate response
LA blocks what
Na channels
NSAIDS block
COX 1 AND 2 (Cyclo-oxygenase)
Benzodiazepines/ barbiturates
binds to GABA and facilitate action of Cl channels
PPI inhibitors
block H+/ K+ ATPase
Metrondizaole
Inhibits DNA synthesis
Bioavailability
fraction of unchanged drug reaching systemic circulation
Acidic drugs bind to
Albumin
Basic drugs bind to
alpha 1 acid glycoprotein
Perfusion
Time to reach conc equilibrium between blood and tissue is only limited by blood flow
Phase 1
Conjugated, oxidised to metabolite, renally excreted in urine, catalysed by P450
Phase II
attach an endogenous molecule (glucouronide/sulphate/acetyl)
Eyrthromycin
inhibits activaction of Cytochrome 3A4 = high levels of quetiapine
Step 1
mild - mod; non-opioids, nerve block
Moderate to severe: weak opioids, analgesics
Strong opioids
Paracetamol
Inhibits prostaglandin synthesis.
Overdose: N-acetyl - cysteine
Reverse codeine/morphine
Naloxone
