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MCQ Kiran Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Which organ/tissue has the smallest CT-value?

  • a. Lung
  • b. Liver
  • c. Breast
  • d. Bone
A

Which organ/tissue has the smallest CT-value?

  • a. Lung
  • b. Liver
  • c. Breast
  • d. Bone
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2
Q

In which method is gadolinium (Gd3+) complex compounds used as contrast agent?

  • a. SPECT
  • b. PET
  • c. MRI
  • d. Sonography
A

In which method is gadolinium (Gd3+) complex compounds used as contrast agent?

  • a. SPECT
  • b. PET
  • c. MRI
  • d. Sonography
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3
Q

Which is true during PET?

  1. The gamma photons generated by pair formation (production) are detected
  2. The gamma photons generated by pair destruction (annihilation) are detected
  3. The gamma rays emitted from isotopes administered to the patient are detected
  4. Due to the rontgen absorbance layer images are formed
A

Which is true during PET?

  1. The gamma photons generated by pair formation (production) are detected
  2. The gamma photons generated by pair destruction (annihilation) are detected
  3. The gamma rays emitted from isotopes administered to the patient are detected
  4. Due to the rontgen absorbance layer images are formed
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4
Q

Which method can be used in case of brain damage?

  • a. CT
  • b. SPECT
  • c. PET
  • d. MRI
  • e. Angiography
A

Which method can be used in case of brain damage?

  • a. CT
  • b. SPECT
  • c. PET
  • d. MRI
  • e. Angiography
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5
Q

Which method can be used to eliminate background noise?

  1. The median filtration
  2. The regulation of contrast
  3. X-ray annihilation method
  4. Pair production
A

Which method can be used to eliminate background noise?

  1. The median filtration
  2. The regulation of contrast
  3. X-ray annihilation method
  4. Pair production
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6
Q

What is meant by voxel?

  1. Volumetric unit in imagery
  2. Pixels of an MRI
  3. Pixel formation
  4. Unit of magnetic moment
A

What is meant by voxel?

  1. Volumetric unit in imagery
  2. Pixels of an MRI
  3. Pixel formation
  4. Unit of magnetic moment
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7
Q

In which technique is windowing used?

  • a. CT
  • b. SPECT
  • c. PET
  • d. MRI
A

In which technique is windowing used?

  • a. CT
  • b. SPECT
  • c. PET
  • d. MRI
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8
Q

What information does an MRI examination give?

  1. Proton density
  2. Mass attenuation coefficient
  3. Linear attenuation coefficient
  4. Acoustic impedance
A

What information does an MRI examination give?

  1. Proton density
  2. Mass attenuation coefficient
  3. Linear attenuation coefficient
  4. Acoustic impedance
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9
Q

What electromagnetic radiation is used in Magnetic Resonance Imaging?

  1. Infrared
  2. Visible light
  3. Radio waves
  4. UV
A

What electromagnetic radiation is used in Magnetic Resonance Imaging?

  1. Infrared
  2. Visible light
  3. Radio waves
  4. UV
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10
Q

What is the piezoelectric effect?

  1. The deformation of certain crystals leads to electric currents
  2. Certain crystal are deformed by electricity
  3. The volume of certain crystals is reduced by electricity
  4. Certain crystals generate an alternating current due to increased pressure
A

What is the piezoelectric effect?

  1. The deformation of certain crystals leads to electric currents
  2. Certain crystal are deformed by electricity
  3. The volume of certain crystals is reduced by electricity
  4. Certain crystals generate an alternating current due to increased pressure
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11
Q

Which of these are useful in the field of radiopharmacology?

  • a. Tc-99
  • b. Gadolinium
  • c. Boron-51
  • d. Carbon-14
A

Which of these are useful in the field of radiopharmacology?

  • a. Tc-99
  • b. Gadolinium
  • c. Boron-51
  • d. Carbon-14
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12
Q

What is the advantage of multimodal imaging?

  1. Allows integration of the strengths of individual modalities (functional and anatomical), while overcoming their limitations
  2. It has no advantage other than being cost-effective
  3. It is easier to use than other imaging techniques
  4. At the moment it has no advantage as multimodal contrast material does not exist
A

What is the advantage of multimodal imaging?

  1. Allows integration of the strengths of individual modalities (functional and anatomical), while overcoming their limitations
  2. It has no advantage other than being cost-effective
  3. It is easier to use than other imaging techniques
  4. At the moment it has no advantage as multimodal contrast material does not exist
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13
Q

Which statement is true?

  1. Resolution is defined by the number of lines that are identifiable in 1 cm
  2. Resolution is defined as the shortest distance between two points on a specimen that can still be distinguished as two separate points
  3. Resolution is defined as the highest magnification of a microscope
  4. Resolution is not used in the field of radiology, instead sensitivity is used
A

Which statement is true?

  1. Resolution is defined by the number of lines that are identifiable in 1 cm
  2. Resolution is defined as the shortest distance between two points on a specimen that can still be distinguished as two separate points
  3. Resolution is defined as the highest magnification of a microscope
  4. Resolution is not used in the field of radiology, instead sensitivity is used
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14
Q

Which technique can NOT be used to increase image quality?

  1. Convolution
  2. Median Filtration
  3. Filtration with a Gaussian kernel
  4. Fourier transformation
A

Which technique can NOT be used to increase image quality?

  1. Convolution
  2. Median Filtration
  3. Filtration with a Gaussian kernel
  4. Fourier transformation
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15
Q

Which organs/tissues can NOT be examined by virtual endoscopy?

  • a. Brain
  • b. Colon
  • c. Bone
  • d. Bronchi
A

Which organs/tissues can NOT be examined by virtual endoscopy?

  • a. Brain
  • b. Colon
  • c. Bone
  • d. Bronchi
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16
Q

Synchronisation of the respiratory cycle

  1. Is only possible in a PET
  2. Increases the quality of the image because all pictures are in same phase
  3. Reduces the radiation dose required during the imaging process
A

Synchronisation of the respiratory cycle

  1. Is only possible in a PET
  2. Increases the quality of the image because all pictures are in same phase
  3. Reduces the radiation dose required during the imaging process
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17
Q

Which radiation is NOT ionizing radiation?

  1. α-radiation
  2. γ-radiation
  3. ultrasound radiation
  4. ultraviolet radiation
A

Which radiation is NOT ionizing radiation?

  1. α-radiation
  2. γ-radiation
  3. ultrasound radiation
  4. ultraviolet radiation
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18
Q

In which technique is microbubble contrast material used?

  • a. SPECT
  • b. PET
  • c. MRI
  • d. Sonography
A

In which technique is microbubble contrast material used?

  • a. SPECT
  • b. PET
  • c. MRI
  • d. Sonography
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19
Q

Bone scintigraphy

  1. Has though it is specific, a low sensitivity
  2. Is usually carried out with a PET/CAT scan
  3. Is based on the function of osteoblasts
  4. Is based on the function of osteoclasts
A

Bone scintigraphy

  1. Has though it is specific, a low sensitivity (it actually has high sensitivity and low specificity)
  2. Is usually carried out with a PET/CAT scan
  3. Is based on the function of osteoblasts
  4. Is based on the function of osteoclasts
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20
Q

What can lead to an artifact in a CT-image?

  1. Metal plates
  2. Attenuation of X-rays due to air in the lungs
  3. Usage of a contrast material
A

What can lead to an artifact in a CT-image?

  1. Metal plates
  2. Attenuation of X-rays due to air in the lungs
  3. Usage of a contrast material
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21
Q

The basis of ultrasonic imaging:

  1. Is the reflection of ultrasound on the boundary between tissues of different acoustic impedance
  2. Is the difference in ultrasound absorption of different tissues
  3. Is the change in ultrasound speed and wavelength in different tissues
  4. Is the thermal effect of ultrasound
A

The basis of ultrasonic imaging:

  1. Is the reflection of ultrasound on the boundary between tissues of different acoustic impedance
  2. Is the difference in ultrasound absorption of different tissues
  3. Is the change in ultrasound speed and wavelength in different tissues
  4. Is the thermal effect of ultrasound
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22
Q

Which statement is correct for molecular imaging?

  1. It is a type of anatomical imaging
  2. Cells and processes at cellular level can be examine ex-vivo
  3. It is an expensive technique
  4. Cells and processes at cellular level can be examined in-vivo
A

Which statement is correct for molecular imaging?

  1. It is a type of anatomical imaging
  2. Cells and processes at cellular level can be examine ex-vivo
  3. It is an expensive technique
  4. Cells and processes at cellular level can be examined in-vivo
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23
Q

What isotope would you use for a SPECT examination?

  1. Beta(-)radiation isotope
  2. Beta(+)radiation isotope
  3. Gamma radiation isotope
  4. SPECT does not use isotopes
A

What isotope would you use for a SPECT examination?

  1. Beta(-)radiation isotope
  2. Beta(+)radiation isotope
  3. Gamma radiation isotope
  4. SPECT does not use isotopes
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24
Q

What sort of isotope would you use for a PET examination?

  1. A gamma emitting isotope
  2. A negative beta emitting isotope
  3. A positive beta emitting isotope
  4. No isotope is necessary for PET examination
A

What sort of isotope would you use for a PET examination?

  1. A gamma emitting isotope
  2. A negative beta emitting isotope
  3. A positive beta emitting isotope
  4. No isotope is necessary for PET examination
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25
Q

Select the correct statement:

  1. Both SPECT AND PET are anatomical imaging methods
  2. We detect photons in case of both SPECT and PET
  3. In case of PET we detect directly positrons
  4. Isotopes used in PET have long half life
A

Select the correct statement:

  1. Both SPECT AND PET are anatomical imaging methods (they are functional)
  2. We detect photons in case of both SPECT and PET
  3. In case of PET we detect directly positrons (SPECT detects directly)
  4. Isotopes used in PET have long half life (SPECT isotopes have longer half-life)
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26
Q

Select the wrong statement on spin-spin relaxation

  1. It is also called T2 relaxation
  2. It refers to the interaction between an elementary magnet and its environment
  3. We measure the temporal change of magnetic vector projection perpendicular to the external magnetic field
  4. The amplitude of the measured signal decreases with time
A

Select the wrong statement on spin-spin relaxation

  1. It is also called T2 relaxation
  2. It refers to the interaction between an elementary magnet and its environment
  3. We measure the temporal change of magnetic vector projection perpendicular to the external magnetic field
  4. The amplitude of the measured signal decreases with time
27
Q

What is the unit of mass attenuation coefficient?

  1. l/cm
  2. g/cm2
  3. cm2/g
  4. W/cm2
A

What is the unit of mass attenuation coefficient?

  1. l/cm
  2. g/cm2
  3. cm2/g
  4. W/cm2
28
Q

The position of spectral lines of characteristic X-rays depends on…

  1. The accelerating voltage
  2. The type of anode material
  3. The type of cathode material
  4. The temperature of the cathode
A

The position of spectral lines of characteristic X-rays depends on…

  1. The accelerating voltage
  2. The type of anode material
  3. The type of cathode material
  4. The temperature of the cathode

Explanation: (http://www.casaxps.com/help_manual/XPSInformation/IntroductiontoXPS.htm)

29
Q

Which imaging method is the most sensitive (i.e. capable of detecting the least amount of molecules)?

  • a. PET
  • b. CAT-scan
  • c. MRI
  • d. Ultrasonography
A

Which imaging method is the most sensitive (i.e. capable of detecting the least amount of molecules)?

  • a. PET
  • b. CAT-scan
  • c. MRI
  • d. Ultrasonography
30
Q

Which tissue or medium can be found in the negative range of the Hounsfield scale?

  • Bones
  • Soft tissues
  • Lungs
  • Water
A

Which tissue or medium can be found in the negative range of the Hounsfield scale?

  • Bones
  • Soft tissues
  • Lungs
  • Water
31
Q

Which of the following imaging methods poses the greatest radiation exposure?

  1. Chest radiography
  2. Bone scintigraphy
  3. Abdominal CAT scan
  4. MRI
A

Which of the following imaging methods poses the greatest radiation exposure?

  1. Chest radiography
  2. Bone scintigraphy
  3. Abdominal CAT scan (this was “after marked”, makes sense)
  4. MRI (This was marked but it is no logical)
32
Q

If the frequency of ultrasound increases…

  1. Its reflectance decreases
  2. Its penetration depth decreases
  3. Its speed decreases
  4. Its specific clamping decreases
A

If the frequency of ultrasound increases…

  1. Its reflectance decreases
  2. Its penetration depth decreases (penetration decreases when attenuation increases, attenuation increases with frequency)
  3. Its speed decreases
  4. Its specific clamping decreases
33
Q

Which of the following statements is false regarding ultrasonographic images?

  1. The disadvantage of the A-image is that it can only be one-dimensional
  2. The advantage of A-image over one-dimensional B-image is better representation of reflectance change
  3. M-image is the temporal variation of the one-dimensional B-image
  4. The duplex image is nothing else than a two-dimensional B-image
A

Which of the following statements is false regarding ultrasonographic images?

  1. The disadvantage of the A-image is that it can only be one-dimensional (****)
  2. The advantage of A-image over one-dimensional B-image is better representation of reflectance change
  3. M-image is the temporal variation of the one-dimensional B-image
  4. The duplex image is nothing else than a two-dimensional B-image
34
Q

The speed of propagation of ultrasound is greater in solids than in gases because…

  1. Solid bodies have much greater density
  2. Solid bodies have much less compressibility
  3. Solid bodies have much greater density and compressibility
  4. Gases have much less compressibility
A

The speed of propagation of ultrasound is greater in solids than in gases because…

  1. Solid bodies have much greater density
  2. Solid bodies have much less compressibility (****)
  3. Solid bodies have much greater density and compressibility (density and compressibility (dominant) are inverse; solids have increased density and lower compressibility)
  4. Gases have much less compressibility

***************** check

35
Q

An ultrasound diagnostic device has a 3.5 and a 5 MHz transducer. Which of them has greater effective range?

  1. The one with 3.5 MHz
  2. The one with 5 MHz
  3. Their ranges are equal
  4. Range depends on acoustic impedance
A

An ultrasound diagnostic device has a 3.5 and a 5 MHz transducer. Which of them has greater effective range?

  1. The one with 3.5 MHz
  2. The one with 5 MHz
  3. Their ranges are equal
  4. Range depends on acoustic impedance (****)
36
Q

What makes Doppler US-examination suitable for blood flow rate determination?

  1. The absorption of ultrasound depends on the flow rate
  2. The flow rate depends on the diameter of the blood vessel
  3. The frequency shift of scattered ultrasound depends on the speed of flowing cells
  4. The reflectance depends on the flow rate
A

What makes Doppler US-examination suitable for blood flow rate determination?

  1. The absorption of ultrasound depends on the flow rate
  2. The flow rate depends on the diameter of the blood vessel
  3. The frequency shift of scattered ultrasound depends on the speed of flowing cells
  4. The reflectance depends on the flow rate (****)
37
Q

What is the unit of acoustic impedance?

  1. It is unitless
  2. Kg/m2/s
  3. Cm/g2
  4. Photons
A

What is the unit of acoustic impedance?

  1. It is unitless
  2. Kg/m2/s
  3. Cm/g2
  4. Photons
38
Q

How does a DSA device work?

  1. It digitizes the image
  2. It subtracts noise from the image
  3. It subtracts images taken before and after the administration of contrast agent
  4. It serves as a digital image display
A

How does a DSA device work?

  1. It digitizes the image
  2. It subtracts noise from the image
  3. It subtracts images taken before and after the administration of contrast agent
  4. It serves as a digital image display
39
Q

During contrast manipulation

  1. The difference between the brightest and darkest pixels displayed on the image does not change
  2. The difference between the brightest and darkest pixels displayed on the image either decreases or increases
  3. The difference between the brightest and darkest pixels displayed on the image increases always
  4. The difference between the brightest and darkest pixels displayed on the image decreases always
A

During contrast manipulation

  1. The difference between the brightest and darkest pixels displayed on the image does not change
  2. The difference between the brightest and darkest pixels displayed on the image either decreases or increases
  3. The difference between the brightest and darkest pixels displayed on the image increases always
  4. The difference between the brightest and darkest pixels displayed on the image decreases always
40
Q

What does an image contain?

  • a. All information of an object
  • b. The optical characteristics of an object
  • c. The spatial distribution of some quality of the object
  • d. It does not provide any information
A

What does an image contain?

  • a. All information of an object
  • b. The optical characteristics of an object (****)
  • c. The spatial distribution of some quality of the object
  • d. It does not provide any information
41
Q

Windowing is used to process images produced by which imaging method?

  1. CAT-scan
  2. SPECT
  3. PET
  4. MRI
A

Windowing is used to process images produced by which imaging method?

  1. CAT-scan
  2. SPECT
  3. PET
  4. MRI
42
Q

What is the disadvantage of the thallium-201 heart scan?

  1. The atomic number of Tl-201 is too high so it is only poorly accumulated in the heart
  2. It poses relatively high exposure
  3. It doesn’t remain in the heart for long so it can only be used throughout a few ECG- cycles
  4. The radiation is absorbed poorly so that image of the heart cannot be reconstructed well
A

What is the disadvantage of the thallium-201 heart scan?

  1. The atomic number of Tl-201 is too high so it is only poorly accumulated in the heart
  2. It poses relatively high exposure
  3. It doesn’t remain in the heart for long so it can only be used throughout a few ECG- cycles
  4. The radiation is absorbed poorly so that image of the heart cannot be reconstructed well
43
Q

Is it possible (at least theoretically) to detect the distribution of two isotopes simultaneously in the body with SPECT?

  1. Yes, it is
  2. No, it is not since the isotope radiates only one photon
  3. Only with SPECT-CT
  4. Only with two SPECT cameras
A

Is it possible (at least theoretically) to detect the distribution of two isotopes simultaneously in the body with SPECT?

  1. Yes, it is (But not possible with PET!)
  2. No, it is not since the isotope radiates only one photon
  3. Only with SPECT-CT
  4. Only with two SPECT cameras
44
Q

Which of the following isotopes is NOT gamma emitting?

  • a. I-123
  • b. I-131
  • c. Tc-99m
  • d. F-18
A

Which of the following isotopes is NOT gamma emitting?

  • a. I-123
  • b. I-131
  • c. Tc-99m
  • d. F-18
45
Q

What is the condition that makes a nucleus NMR active?

  1. It does not have unpaired electrons
  2. It has magnetic momentum
  3. Even number of both protons and neutrons
  4. Low (preferably less than 20) atomic numbers
A

What is the condition that makes a nucleus NMR active?

  1. It does not have unpaired electrons
  2. It has magnetic momentum
  3. Even number of both protons and neutrons
  4. Low (preferably less than 20) atomic numbers
46
Q

What is the spatial limit of resolution of a medical PET?

  1. 30 micrometers
  2. 300 micrometers
  3. 3000 micrometers
  4. 30000 micrometers
A

What is the spatial limit of resolution of a medical PET?

  1. 30 micrometers
  2. 300 micrometers
  3. 3000 micrometers (3-4 mm)
  4. 30000 micrometers
47
Q

The most widely used radiation type in radioisotope therapy (RIT) is…

  1. Alpha radiation
  2. Negative beta radiation
  3. Positive beta radiation
  4. Gamma radiation
A

The most widely used radiation type in radioisotope therapy (RIT) is…

  1. Alpha radiation
  2. Negative beta radiation
  3. Positive beta radiation
  4. Gamma radiation (****)
48
Q

The reason for pulse mode operation in ultrasound diagnosis is to

A

separate the emitted pulse and the signal to be detected

49
Q

Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy is a method to

A

diagnose ischemic heart diseas

50
Q

In case of positron emission tomography we detect

A

gamma photons produced during annihilation

51
Q

The type of information that can be acquired from MRI-image is

A

proton density

52
Q

Gamma

A

is Not a transfer function operation

53
Q

Windowing, Fourier transformation, production of inverse image are

A

transfer function operations

54
Q

It is NOT possible to

A

detect the distribution of two isotopes in the body simultaneously using PET

55
Q

Optical imaging is used today for

A

ocular examination

56
Q

Spin lattice relaxation refers to

A

interactions between elementary magnets

57
Q

Tc-99m

A

Not emitting positron

58
Q

If the acoustic impedances of the two media differ significantly

A

the reflectance of ultrasound is almost 100%

59
Q

CAT-scan tomographies are taken in the

A

transverse plane

60
Q

The aim of windowing method is to

A

display a narrow range of observed values

61
Q

The A-image acquired in ultrasound diagnostics can be used to determine the

A

distance between reflecting surfaces

62
Q

The one with 5 MHz has a

A

greater resolution.

63
Q

The resolution of a clinical SPECT device is

A

8-12mm

64
Q
A

Medical imaging (2 decks)

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