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MCQ for n and b > MCQ for N/B > Flashcards

MCQ for N/B Flashcards

1
Q

What does Prentice and Jebb do?

A

Trend, EE has gone down, obesity is due to a reduction in physical activity

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2
Q

Pinel

A

Leaky barrel model of weight control. passive feedback and negative feedback (hormonal changes)

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3
Q

Mayer

A

Glucastatic model of hunger (set point model)

BUT glucose levels stay constant

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4
Q

Phallic phase response

A

release of insulin as anticapitory response

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5
Q

Wood hypoglyciemia

A

food cues, no food –> insulin released

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6
Q

wood hyperglycemia

A

food infused into stomach.. no pre-insulin released

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7
Q

Conditioned learning meal initiation

A

if CS+ paired with food.. CS+ group will consume more food

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8
Q

Satiety

A

the absence of hunger, period after meal before you get hungry again

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9
Q

Satietion

A

fullness during a meal

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10
Q

Cecil

A

Sensory stimulation important
soup, covert, overt
report hunger is reduced with eating soup and overt
Importance of sensory experience and congition

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11
Q

CCK cholecystokinin

A

Satiety hormone

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12
Q

Sham feeding causes…

A

over eating.. (food is not going into stomach) evidence from feedback

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13
Q

The pre-load meal paradigm Birch

A

Compensation
given soup with different k/cal contents
Children will compensate when given access to ad lib bufffet
-adults less good at this

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14
Q

Satiety hierarchy

A

P, C, F, ethanol

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15
Q

Cabananac

A

Alliestheia–> depends where you are, (if you had just had glucose, glucose will be less rewarding)

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16
Q

Rolls

A

Sensory specific satiety–> if you eat one food and offered another, will eat the other.. less likely if you are offered the same food

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17
Q

Berridge

A

Distinction between liking and wanting

  • can manipulate this with use of psychopharmological drugs
  • can have liking without wanting–> FI decreases + pleasantness, limited effect in hunger
  • or vice-versa, pre-meal hunger decreases, little effect on pleasantness and sweetness
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18
Q

effects of bottomless bowl

A

if the soup keeps filling up, ppts will say they are full ne, effect of external cues

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19
Q

portion size

A

the greater the portion size the more you will eat BUT is found to be effected by if foods are energy dense

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20
Q

Mindless eating –> distraction

A

if you are distracted you will eat more: mental imagery, gaming

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21
Q

memory for food

A

primed to think of your lunch you will eat less snacks

-episodic memory plays a role in appetite regulation

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22
Q

Amnesics

A

they will keep eating, experinece of fullness but cannot associate what the feeling is.. so keep eating

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23
Q

The name of eating episode

A

snack or meal has an effect on how much you will consume after

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24
Q

smoothies no. of fruit

A

if told that the smoothie had more fruit in, greater experinece of fullness

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25
Q

Distraction–> disrupting memory, manipulating memory quality

A

if you watch TV at lunch, (distracted) you will eat more snacks later on..

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26
Q

Focusing on eating

A

focus on food during lunch, reduced FI at snacks later on

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27
Q

Social influence on eating

A

the number of people present postively correlated with meal size

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28
Q

eating topography

A

ID in the way people consume food, eg. chewing, bitesize, time taken, etc.

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29
Q

2 main measures of eating topography

A
  1. videoing eating (coding different behaviours)

2. hidden balance scale

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30
Q

oral stimulations vs gastric volume, what fullness depends on?

A

2 levels of OS and 2 levels of GV

-> greater levels of OS predicted reduced FI

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31
Q

Fletcherism

A

chewing your food is good for you 50-100 times to aid digestions

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32
Q

eating faster means associated with being..

A

obese

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33
Q

Training people to eat slower… use an instrument called a..

A

mandometer… leads to significant and sustained reduction in BMI

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34
Q

effect of texture of food on eating rate

A

eating an apple compared to apple juice, or soup suppressed hunger more
–> oral sensory exposure is important
time in mouth reflect perceived fullness

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35
Q

effect of viscosity on food intake

A

if it is more thick, so solid food compared to liquids reduced food intake (longer in mouth)

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36
Q

Number of chews on FI? (smit)

A

the more chews the less food eaten

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37
Q

number of bites on FI?

A

slowing bite rate, reduces energy intake

bigger bits sizes equate to greater energy intake

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38
Q

pausing and palatibility

A

intro of pauses within meal enhanace intake aswell (due to effects of palatability) bit counter intuitive

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39
Q

being a decelerated or linear eaters?

A

linear eaters can eat more, eat more at higher rate

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40
Q

eating rates are different across different foods

A

when food can be ingested rapidly, food and energy intake is high. ppts are more at risk of overconsumption

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41
Q

impact of hard foods and soft foods?

A

hard foods led to reduce EI compared to soft foods

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42
Q

is portion size assocated with visual cues??

A

no difference, seems to be influenced by bitesizes

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43
Q

The omnivores paradox

A

need to identfy harmful or beneficial food, resources a major driving force for a cognitive revolution

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44
Q

Problem with basic reactions to taste

A

insuffient to explain all our food choices by this, we have amazing ability to discriminate

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45
Q

Pavlov

A

models of associative learning

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46
Q

eye-blink conditioning has..

A

close temporal contiguity

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47
Q

Conditioned taste aversion, Garcia

A

Rats are hard to kill, will learn avoidance for harmful foods, this will persist 24 hours

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48
Q

Can CTA occur after a single exposure?

A

Yes, gorgonzola

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49
Q

What are the limitations of the CTA?

A

they have to be particular things to become associated, you cannot condition sickness with a noise for example

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50
Q

Flavour consquence learning in animals, Scalfarni

A

dev flavour preference, infuse into stomach either nutrients or water develop preference for CS+

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51
Q

Flavour consquence learning in humans

A

2 novel flavours, manipulate ED, –> results are not as conclusive as animal studies

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52
Q

children prefer ED…

A

vegetables

53
Q

Nutrient learning in other societies

A

Samburu tribe, little dietary diversity No ev. for nutrient learning

54
Q

Flavour flavour learning Zellner

A

can be done, preference for sweet taste, sustained over 1 week

55
Q

Mere exposure effect

A

more oftern you are exposed more accepting you become of it

56
Q

MEF can be seen in self report but also..

A

Gallforic skin response

57
Q

Yeomans Chilli

A

people can tolerate chilli more (adaption?)

greater burn in lower dose, but still saying they are liking it

58
Q

neaphobia

A

fear of novel foods

59
Q

Eye-blink conditioning requirements

A

if you know puff associates with sound more sensttive to this effect, if you don’t know less sensitive

60
Q

how long does it take to digest a meal?

A

3 hours

61
Q

Booth conditioned learning of meal size in rats

A

association is formed between the sensory odour and the somatic cues that are present towards the end of the meal..
2 novel odours paired with either ED or dilute solution

62
Q

Booth humans

A

ppts who consume ED paired with novel flavour, after with have reduced in FI
on test day given solution of 35% with same flavour they will still eat less, some evidence of learning
BUT Zandstra failure to replicate

63
Q

how do we make decisions about portion size?

A

expected satiety and expected satietion, people able to discriminate between foods based on this

64
Q

Expectations can be conditioned

A

expected satiety greater in H/ED foods

65
Q

Expected-satiation drift

A

we expect novel foods to counter relatively little satietion untill experience tells us otherwise

66
Q

Corrupted learning

A
  • effect of non-nutritive sweetners–> rats put on weight (can’t use sweetness as a cue)
  • with sweetness learn, regulate other intake of food
67
Q

complexity of food

A

ED vary considerably in pizza

–> intact compensatory eating if know about the food

68
Q

what is inherited wisdom?

A

mothers diet effecting NBs eating. eg. garlic is mum exposed to garlic, baby more accepting
pass on adaptive aversion

69
Q

breast is best?

A

demand led feeding, baby is in charge learns self regulatory mechanisms

70
Q

how long should you breast feed for?

A

6ms

children who are weaned later, show greater acceptance of more foods when older

71
Q

Pica

A

opposite of neophobia

72
Q

social learning in food decisions

A

learning from watching others

73
Q

4 broad parenting feeding styles

A
  1. restrcition
  2. pressuming
  3. instrumental feeding
  4. emotional feeding
74
Q

BMI

A

weight2/height2

75
Q

health concerns with obesity –>

A

type 2 diabetes, hypertenstion and myocardial infarction

76
Q

westernized diet more likely to be..

A

obese

indian study

77
Q

Problems with regulation of FI?

A

leptin deficiency

78
Q

Leptin

A

satiety hormone

79
Q

Ghrelin

A

hunger hormone (downregulated in obese people)

80
Q

Berthoud

A

2 seperate systems: 1. homeostatic (weaker) 2. non-homeostatic

81
Q

doubly labelled water

A

measure of ee

82
Q

Thrifty gene hypothesis, Veel

A

we put on weight by design, adaptive mechanism which allows us to store fat.

83
Q

Drifty gene hypothesis, Speakman

A

we get obeses by accident, no long be predated, so gene has drifted think of voles

84
Q

The protein leverage hypothesis

A

we need to consume protein, in order to defend minmum p level, need to eat larger meal to make sure we have enough
–> the rule of compromise

85
Q

Halesbarker hypothesis

A

conditions in which pregnant mothers are living in, prepare child for those living conditions (small babies, with slow metabolic rate) but born no famine, catch up period… predicitive of obesity

86
Q

Chaotic eating

A

ireegular eating, makes you more hungry

87
Q

Schacters externality theory

A

obese people –> more sensitive to external cues

lean people –> internal cues

88
Q

Manipulating time, schachter

A

obese indvididuals will eat more at the times of meals

89
Q

Nisbett, externaility and chronic hunger

A

obese on a indvidual level are not obese, within their biological constraints, the conquense of this is they experience extreme hunger
-obese in soceity/ environment, so try to restict diet, more senstiive to food cues

90
Q

Herman and Mack

A

Counter-regulatory eating, as they eat more loose restraint, loose motiviation

91
Q

Herman and Polivys

A

Boundary model of eating regulation
restrained eaters at the start are more hungry (dieting) so hunger is greater… satiety levels are pushed back–> subsquent ad lib will be greater

92
Q

disinhibition

A

factors that weaken our attempt to inhibit

93
Q

disinhibitors

A
  • physical threat
  • failure
  • public speaking –> increase FI in restrained eaters
94
Q

Diet

A

attempt to restrict intake to loose weight

95
Q

dietary restraint

A

any attempt to limit intake

96
Q

Dieting and cognitive function

A

deficit in perfromance of a RT task

97
Q

3 factor eating scale

A

cognitive restraint, disinhibition, hunger

98
Q

Dutch eating scale questionnaire

A

restrained eating, emotional eating, external eating

99
Q

fructose + glucose (disaccaride) =

A

sucrose

100
Q

hyper-glyciemia associated

A

with congitive impairment

101
Q

eat high protein meal levels of typ will go..

A

down

102
Q

when we eat high C meal, insulin released which causes..

A

uptake of AA in muscles apart from try

103
Q

effects of consuming a sugar drink

A

increased sleepiness

104
Q

eating a high Carb meal in obese people increases

A

depressed mood

105
Q

high carb meal increases

A

sleepiness

106
Q

in people who are high stress eating a c meal

A

decreases depressed mood

107
Q

high protein meal, shows increase in ______ in high protein meal in CSF fluid

A

tyrosine

108
Q

drinking containing high try will

A

decrease depresion, measured by distractibility of sad music

109
Q

fatty acid with more than one Carbon double bond =

A

polyunsaturated

110
Q

single carbon double bond=

A

monosaturated fat

111
Q

saturated fat

A

X no c double bonds

112
Q

DHA =

A

polyunsaturated fat

113
Q

n-3 and n-6 ratio in body, slow conversion due to..

A

enzyme competitiion

114
Q

n-6 and n-3 ratio has..

A

changed, there is fewer n-3

115
Q

the oxford durham study

A

EPA as supplementation
-vitamine e used
unclear what are true effects
results based on baseline changes..

116
Q

DOLAB

A

used DHA, the more stupid the children effecct is found.. but original group contained all results, shakey analysis

117
Q

does intake DHA or EPA effect depresion

A

some empircal evidence, some effects that will improve depressed mood

118
Q

Altherosscerosis

A

disease in which fatty acids plaques develop on the inner wall of arteries, resulting in reduced blood flow

119
Q

n-3 fatty acids decreases levels of ___ in blood

A

fats

120
Q

eating diet low saturated fats

A

lowers cholestrol

121
Q

oxidisation modification of cholesterol plays a major role

A

in the pathogenisis of athersclerosis

122
Q

eating a varied diet

A

less likely to dev psychiatric symptoms

123
Q

junk/convienent eating pattern associated with..

A

hyperactivity

124
Q

Anorexia

A

intense fear of gaining weight

125
Q

2 types of anorexia:

A

restricting type, purging type

126
Q

Bulmia

A

binge/ purge 1x week in 3m

127
Q

different risk factor

A

predisposing
precipitating
perptuating

128
Q

Personality linked to body image–>

A

neuroticism
impulsivitiy - bulmia
low-self esteem - anorexia

MCQ for n and b (1 decks)

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