MCQ for N/B Flashcards
What does Prentice and Jebb do?
Trend, EE has gone down, obesity is due to a reduction in physical activity
Pinel
Leaky barrel model of weight control. passive feedback and negative feedback (hormonal changes)
Mayer
Glucastatic model of hunger (set point model)
BUT glucose levels stay constant
Phallic phase response
release of insulin as anticapitory response
Wood hypoglyciemia
food cues, no food –> insulin released
wood hyperglycemia
food infused into stomach.. no pre-insulin released
Conditioned learning meal initiation
if CS+ paired with food.. CS+ group will consume more food
Satiety
the absence of hunger, period after meal before you get hungry again
Satietion
fullness during a meal
Cecil
Sensory stimulation important
soup, covert, overt
report hunger is reduced with eating soup and overt
Importance of sensory experience and congition
CCK cholecystokinin
Satiety hormone
Sham feeding causes…
over eating.. (food is not going into stomach) evidence from feedback
The pre-load meal paradigm Birch
Compensation
given soup with different k/cal contents
Children will compensate when given access to ad lib bufffet
-adults less good at this
Satiety hierarchy
P, C, F, ethanol
Cabananac
Alliestheia–> depends where you are, (if you had just had glucose, glucose will be less rewarding)
Rolls
Sensory specific satiety–> if you eat one food and offered another, will eat the other.. less likely if you are offered the same food
Berridge
Distinction between liking and wanting
- can manipulate this with use of psychopharmological drugs
- can have liking without wanting–> FI decreases + pleasantness, limited effect in hunger
- or vice-versa, pre-meal hunger decreases, little effect on pleasantness and sweetness
effects of bottomless bowl
if the soup keeps filling up, ppts will say they are full ne, effect of external cues
portion size
the greater the portion size the more you will eat BUT is found to be effected by if foods are energy dense
Mindless eating –> distraction
if you are distracted you will eat more: mental imagery, gaming
memory for food
primed to think of your lunch you will eat less snacks
-episodic memory plays a role in appetite regulation
Amnesics
they will keep eating, experinece of fullness but cannot associate what the feeling is.. so keep eating
The name of eating episode
snack or meal has an effect on how much you will consume after
smoothies no. of fruit
if told that the smoothie had more fruit in, greater experinece of fullness
Distraction–> disrupting memory, manipulating memory quality
if you watch TV at lunch, (distracted) you will eat more snacks later on..
Focusing on eating
focus on food during lunch, reduced FI at snacks later on
Social influence on eating
the number of people present postively correlated with meal size
eating topography
ID in the way people consume food, eg. chewing, bitesize, time taken, etc.
2 main measures of eating topography
- videoing eating (coding different behaviours)
2. hidden balance scale
oral stimulations vs gastric volume, what fullness depends on?
2 levels of OS and 2 levels of GV
-> greater levels of OS predicted reduced FI
Fletcherism
chewing your food is good for you 50-100 times to aid digestions
eating faster means associated with being..
obese
Training people to eat slower… use an instrument called a..
mandometer… leads to significant and sustained reduction in BMI
effect of texture of food on eating rate
eating an apple compared to apple juice, or soup suppressed hunger more
–> oral sensory exposure is important
time in mouth reflect perceived fullness
effect of viscosity on food intake
if it is more thick, so solid food compared to liquids reduced food intake (longer in mouth)
Number of chews on FI? (smit)
the more chews the less food eaten
number of bites on FI?
slowing bite rate, reduces energy intake
bigger bits sizes equate to greater energy intake
pausing and palatibility
intro of pauses within meal enhanace intake aswell (due to effects of palatability) bit counter intuitive
being a decelerated or linear eaters?
linear eaters can eat more, eat more at higher rate
eating rates are different across different foods
when food can be ingested rapidly, food and energy intake is high. ppts are more at risk of overconsumption
impact of hard foods and soft foods?
hard foods led to reduce EI compared to soft foods
is portion size assocated with visual cues??
no difference, seems to be influenced by bitesizes
The omnivores paradox
need to identfy harmful or beneficial food, resources a major driving force for a cognitive revolution
Problem with basic reactions to taste
insuffient to explain all our food choices by this, we have amazing ability to discriminate
Pavlov
models of associative learning
eye-blink conditioning has..
close temporal contiguity
Conditioned taste aversion, Garcia
Rats are hard to kill, will learn avoidance for harmful foods, this will persist 24 hours
Can CTA occur after a single exposure?
Yes, gorgonzola
What are the limitations of the CTA?
they have to be particular things to become associated, you cannot condition sickness with a noise for example
Flavour consquence learning in animals, Scalfarni
dev flavour preference, infuse into stomach either nutrients or water develop preference for CS+
Flavour consquence learning in humans
2 novel flavours, manipulate ED, –> results are not as conclusive as animal studies
children prefer ED…
vegetables
Nutrient learning in other societies
Samburu tribe, little dietary diversity No ev. for nutrient learning
Flavour flavour learning Zellner
can be done, preference for sweet taste, sustained over 1 week
Mere exposure effect
more oftern you are exposed more accepting you become of it
MEF can be seen in self report but also..
Gallforic skin response
Yeomans Chilli
people can tolerate chilli more (adaption?)
greater burn in lower dose, but still saying they are liking it
neaphobia
fear of novel foods
Eye-blink conditioning requirements
if you know puff associates with sound more sensttive to this effect, if you don’t know less sensitive
how long does it take to digest a meal?
3 hours
Booth conditioned learning of meal size in rats
association is formed between the sensory odour and the somatic cues that are present towards the end of the meal..
2 novel odours paired with either ED or dilute solution
Booth humans
ppts who consume ED paired with novel flavour, after with have reduced in FI
on test day given solution of 35% with same flavour they will still eat less, some evidence of learning
BUT Zandstra failure to replicate
how do we make decisions about portion size?
expected satiety and expected satietion, people able to discriminate between foods based on this
Expectations can be conditioned
expected satiety greater in H/ED foods
Expected-satiation drift
we expect novel foods to counter relatively little satietion untill experience tells us otherwise
Corrupted learning
- effect of non-nutritive sweetners–> rats put on weight (can’t use sweetness as a cue)
- with sweetness learn, regulate other intake of food
complexity of food
ED vary considerably in pizza
–> intact compensatory eating if know about the food
what is inherited wisdom?
mothers diet effecting NBs eating. eg. garlic is mum exposed to garlic, baby more accepting
pass on adaptive aversion
breast is best?
demand led feeding, baby is in charge learns self regulatory mechanisms
how long should you breast feed for?
6ms
children who are weaned later, show greater acceptance of more foods when older
Pica
opposite of neophobia
social learning in food decisions
learning from watching others
4 broad parenting feeding styles
- restrcition
- pressuming
- instrumental feeding
- emotional feeding
BMI
weight2/height2
health concerns with obesity –>
type 2 diabetes, hypertenstion and myocardial infarction
westernized diet more likely to be..
obese
indian study
Problems with regulation of FI?
leptin deficiency
Leptin
satiety hormone
Ghrelin
hunger hormone (downregulated in obese people)
Berthoud
2 seperate systems: 1. homeostatic (weaker) 2. non-homeostatic
doubly labelled water
measure of ee
Thrifty gene hypothesis, Veel
we put on weight by design, adaptive mechanism which allows us to store fat.
Drifty gene hypothesis, Speakman
we get obeses by accident, no long be predated, so gene has drifted think of voles
The protein leverage hypothesis
we need to consume protein, in order to defend minmum p level, need to eat larger meal to make sure we have enough
–> the rule of compromise
Halesbarker hypothesis
conditions in which pregnant mothers are living in, prepare child for those living conditions (small babies, with slow metabolic rate) but born no famine, catch up period… predicitive of obesity
Chaotic eating
ireegular eating, makes you more hungry
Schacters externality theory
obese people –> more sensitive to external cues
lean people –> internal cues
Manipulating time, schachter
obese indvididuals will eat more at the times of meals
Nisbett, externaility and chronic hunger
obese on a indvidual level are not obese, within their biological constraints, the conquense of this is they experience extreme hunger
-obese in soceity/ environment, so try to restict diet, more senstiive to food cues
Herman and Mack
Counter-regulatory eating, as they eat more loose restraint, loose motiviation
Herman and Polivys
Boundary model of eating regulation
restrained eaters at the start are more hungry (dieting) so hunger is greater… satiety levels are pushed back–> subsquent ad lib will be greater
disinhibition
factors that weaken our attempt to inhibit
disinhibitors
- physical threat
- failure
- public speaking –> increase FI in restrained eaters
Diet
attempt to restrict intake to loose weight
dietary restraint
any attempt to limit intake
Dieting and cognitive function
deficit in perfromance of a RT task
3 factor eating scale
cognitive restraint, disinhibition, hunger
Dutch eating scale questionnaire
restrained eating, emotional eating, external eating
fructose + glucose (disaccaride) =
sucrose
hyper-glyciemia associated
with congitive impairment
eat high protein meal levels of typ will go..
down
when we eat high C meal, insulin released which causes..
uptake of AA in muscles apart from try
effects of consuming a sugar drink
increased sleepiness
eating a high Carb meal in obese people increases
depressed mood
high carb meal increases
sleepiness
in people who are high stress eating a c meal
decreases depressed mood
high protein meal, shows increase in ______ in high protein meal in CSF fluid
tyrosine
drinking containing high try will
decrease depresion, measured by distractibility of sad music
fatty acid with more than one Carbon double bond =
polyunsaturated
single carbon double bond=
monosaturated fat
saturated fat
X no c double bonds
DHA =
polyunsaturated fat
n-3 and n-6 ratio in body, slow conversion due to..
enzyme competitiion
n-6 and n-3 ratio has..
changed, there is fewer n-3
the oxford durham study
EPA as supplementation
-vitamine e used
unclear what are true effects
results based on baseline changes..
DOLAB
used DHA, the more stupid the children effecct is found.. but original group contained all results, shakey analysis
does intake DHA or EPA effect depresion
some empircal evidence, some effects that will improve depressed mood
Altherosscerosis
disease in which fatty acids plaques develop on the inner wall of arteries, resulting in reduced blood flow
n-3 fatty acids decreases levels of ___ in blood
fats
eating diet low saturated fats
lowers cholestrol
oxidisation modification of cholesterol plays a major role
in the pathogenisis of athersclerosis
eating a varied diet
less likely to dev psychiatric symptoms
junk/convienent eating pattern associated with..
hyperactivity
Anorexia
intense fear of gaining weight
2 types of anorexia:
restricting type, purging type
Bulmia
binge/ purge 1x week in 3m
different risk factor
predisposing
precipitating
perptuating
Personality linked to body image–>
neuroticism
impulsivitiy - bulmia
low-self esteem - anorexia
