MCQ - Exam prep Flashcards
What is the functional tissue of an organ called?
parenchyma - distinguid from the connective and supportive tissue
What is sulphonylureas used for?
An anti-diabetic drug, widely used in the management of diabetes mellitus type 2
The accumulation of cells, lipids and tissue in the intimal lining of arteries is what disease?
Atherosclerosis
Structure of arteries and veins
Tunica Adventitia
Tunic Media
Tunica Intima
Adventitia -Strong and fibrous - holds vessel open
Media - smooth muscle and elastic - permits diameter changes
Intima - endothelium - lesions develop here
Atherosclerosis - 5 Modifiable Risk factors
Obesity Hyperlipidaemia Smoking Diabetes (lifestyle related) Insufficient physical activity
Atherosclerosis - 5 Non-modifiable risk factors
Age Premature menopause in females Indigenous Australian Low socioeconomic groups Family history of close relative with the disease under 60
An autoimmune, neuromuscular disease caused by Ab-mediated loss of nicotinic ACh receptors at the NMJ
myasthenia gravis
Myasthenic crisis symptoms
Severe muscle weakness -> Quadriplegia, SOB, Difficulty swallowing
Can occur 3-4 hours after too little or too much medication
Can be stress induced -> Infection, pregnancy, cold exposure, sugary
Myasthnia gravis Tx
- Neostigmin & Pyridostigmine (Anticholinesterases)
- Corticosteroids
- Ciclosporin & Azathioprine (Immunosupressant)
Bradykinesia
Slowness of movement
Thiopentone (thiopental) - IV
- Induction Agent
- Enhances/mimics action of GABA in CNS by inhibiting excitatory neurotransmission.
- No analgesic effects
- Resp and CVS effects (depresses/decreases)
GABA (Gamma aminobutyric acid)
- CNS inhibitory neurotransmitter
- Most widely distributed
- Reduces neuronal excitability in the nervous system
- Produced in presynaptic neurone and acts on postsynaptic GABA receptors.
Propofol - IV
- Induction agent; suitable for maintenance and sedation
- Activates GABAa receptor
- Shortens opening time of nicotinic AChR and NA+ channels in cortex
- Rapid onset and fast recovery
- No analgesic properties
- Min CVS effects
Ketamine - IV
- Induction agent; and maintenance
- NMDA rector antagonist (reduces neuronal excitability)
- Potent analgesic
- CVS stimulant
Induction IV
- Thiopentone
- Propofol
- Ketamine
What are some Inhalant anaesthesia agents?
‘flurane’
Sevoflurane
Desflurane
Isoflurane
fluranes are all volatile agents and can trigger Malignant Hyperthermia!
- Also N20 can be an induction and maintenance inhalant. No reversal for inhaled agents.
Neuromuscular Blocking Agents (muscle relaxant) fall into which two categories?
Depolarising vs Non-depolarising
Suffix -> aines are responsible for?
-Local anaesthsia
eg Lignocaine and Bupivacaine
-Block conduction of PNS impulses -> block sodium channels => no threshold potential
-Considerations for age, wt, health, liver function for dosage used.
Bier’s block
Regional anaesthesia - local anaesthetic is given intravenously with a tourniquet applied to stop it from spreading systemically.
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
Clinical presentation?
- Rapid onset (12-18 hours)
- ^ RR
- Metabolic acidosis
- Hypoxaemia refractory to O2 therapy
What do drugs ending in ‘ole’ do?
Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPI) - Inhibit the formation of Hydrochloric acid
eg Pantoprazole, Omeprazole, Esomeprazole(Nexium)
Adverse effects - headache, dry mouth, GI upset (N,V,D)
Cimetidine
- Histamine receptor antagonist - Used in Pyloric obstruction
- Blocks acid secretions
- Interacts with CYP -> metformin, warfarin etc
Is Penicillin more effective against gram positive or gram negative bacteria?
Gram +++++++++++
What is the mechanism of action of Penicillin?
Inhibits synthesis of bacterial cell wall - binds with proteins -> defective cell wall destroys the organism
Also called Beta-Lactam Antibacterials
Is Penicillin given IV or oral?
IV - as it is destroyed by gastric acid
What are some common Beta-Lactam Antibacterials?
Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Carbapenems
Monobactams
What are three common asthma medications
- Prednisolone
- Aminophylline
- Salbutamol
What are three common asthma medications
- Prednisolone
- Aminophylline
- Salbutamol
Stroke risk factors
- Smoking
- lifestyle (ethanol, obesity, cholesterol)
- HTN
- DM 1 & 2
- Heart disease
- Family Hx
- Chlamydia pneumonia
- ^Age
What is bioavailability of a drug?
Amount of active drug that reaches systemic circulation.
What affects the bioavailability of a drug?
Absorption
Intestinal motility
First pass hepatic metabolism
(IV = 100% bioavailability)
What are treatment options for genital herpes?
Antiviral agents - DNA polymerase inhibitors
- Aciclovir
- Famciclovir
- Valaciclovir (best)