MCQ assessment Flashcards
Chronic illnesses
prolonged; rarely cured; periods of exacerbation and remission
chronos
passage of time itself
growing life expectancy with chronic illness
> 60 have 2.2 chronic conditions
cardiovascular diseases
most cause of disability world wide
health is multidimensional
state of complete physical, mental, and social well being and not merely the absence of disease
disease
biological event with diagnosis
illness
subjective experience
Biomedical model
by Descartes; body as machine and mechanistic view of illness
mechanistic view
every disease has bio cause
association btw pathophysiology
includes psychosocial and environmental factors
George Engel
understand respond to patients suffering
biopsychosocial model
Bio -> social -> psycho
disability
limited physically or mentally
medical model of disability
disease that can be changed by doctors and specialists
social model of disability
address barriers socially to help individual
WHO of disability
both medical and social; biopsychosocial approach
impairments
loss/abnormality of body/organ structure and function
disabilities
restriction or lack of ability t perform
handicap
social consequences of disabilities; disadvantage in the social roles
ICIDH definition
disease (glaucoma) -> impairment (vision) ->
disability (seeing) -> handicap/disad -> orientation
criticism of ICIDH
focus on handicap and disability and stigmatizing
ICF definition
activities (disabilities) and participation (handicap)
ICF of functioning disability and health
body functions and structures -> activities/participation (capacities) -> environmental factors (barriers)
specific symptoms
physiological/psychological
specific illness
cold, cancer
consequence
can’t do what used to
timeline
how long symptoms last
Illness representations
beliefs about their illness impact life
Common sense model/self regulation model (leventhal)
how representations guide illness experiences
dimensions of illness perceptions
identity, consequence, causes, time line, cure/control
identity
signs of symptoms
consequence
physical, social, economic consequences of disease
cause
perceived cause of disease
time lien
time frame for development and duration
cure/control
extent of responsiveness to treatment
diagnostic labeling
associated with symptom reporting
attribution models
a person locating the cause
cause of disease
locus, controllability, stability
locus
extent the cause is a part of inside or outside person
controllability
extent person has control over cause
stability
extent to which cause is stable or changeable
timeline
acute, cyclical, chronic
measuring illness representations
Illness perception questionnaire (IPQ) - measures five dimensions
leventhal’s self regulatory model of illness behavior
internal and environmental stimuli -> a. representation of problem & b. emotional experience -> a. action plan for problem & b. plan for emotion -> appraisal
psychological variables
more mutable than sociodemographic variables
Health Belief Model
perceived susceptibility vs perceived benefits -> demographic variables to perceived health threat and evaluation of action -> likelihood of action from cues to action
perceived susceptibility example
i have unprotected sex so i could get an STI
perceived severity example
getting an STI could have consequences
belief in health threat
from perceived susceptibility and severity
perceived benefit
i always use condom so no risk of STI
perceived barriers
use of condoms reduce enjoyment
belief in effectiveness of health behaviour
from perceived benefit and barriers
health behavior
from belief of health threat and effectiveness of health behavior
cues to action
internal/external
protection motivation theory (PMT)
perceived vulnerability x severity x response efficacy
social cognitive theory
skinner; gain max reinforcement and minimum punishment
social cog. theory continued
based on expectancies of outcome (belief) and self efficacy (confidence)
attitude
predict behaviors
4 aspects of behavior
specific action; performed to target; in a context; at a given point in time
TPB
theory of planned behavior
TPB cont.
50% of intention and 20% variance in behavior
Change: Social cog. models
continuum
nature of change
continuous or stage
Classificaion system
category system of stage
Transtheoretical Model = stages of change (SOC) model
go through logical series to adopting new behavior
stages of change
pre-contemplation; contemplation; preparation; action; maintenance; (termination)
helps stages forward
decisional balance (importance a person gives behaviour); self efficacy (confidence); strategies of change (cognitive or behavioural)
cognitive processes
consciousness raising (seek new info); dramatic relief (emotion); environmental reevaluation (effects around u); self reevaluation (self); social liberation (noticing social conditions); self liberation (confidence); helping relationships (support)
counter conditioning
replacing bad with good
reinforcement management
rewards
stimulus control
reengineering; avoiding bad stimuli
cognitive and behavioural change
cognitive in early stages and behavioural help in later stages
SOC (stage of change) model
intuitive appeal; linked to practice; insight into process of change; little about variables; micro level
TTM
transtheortetical model
preventions
primary = prevent occurrence; secondary = treat in early occurrence; tertiary = contain damage
persuasion
effects of exposure to messages from people on attitudes and beliefs of recipients
implications of HBM
susceptibility; cons v benefits; cues to change
implications of TPB
info of cost v benefits; susceptibility; normative beliefs; increase self efficacy; info + other interventions to bring change
SOC implications
allows tailor interventions for each stage of change
inputs
source, message, channel, receiver, destination
output
11
Elaboration likelihood model
the likelihood of creating persuasive communication; determined motivation and ability
peripheral route
don’t analyse; attractiveness using cues; change is transient and not predictive of behaviour
central route
do analyse; pre-existing interest; personal relevance; enduring and predictive
high involvement vs low involvement
seek treatment regardless of route vs seek treatment if exposed to high peripheral cues
low risk behaviors
use gain frame
high risk behaviors
use loss frames; negative consequences
presenting risk information
use relative risk not absolute risk; have x% chance
emotional appeals
impact on attitudes not actual behavior
fear appeals
less impact in real world; can be ineffective
adaptive tasks
subjective appraisal; coping with challenge to maintain adequate levels
stress-coping paragdigm
how ppl function with disease and live well despite the condition
primary appraisal
personal meaning; harm, threat, challenge
secondary appraisal
what can i do about it
personality variables
hardiness, neuroticism, dispositional optimism
situational demands
controllability, resources available, competing demands
hardiness
high commitment, internal locus of control
controllability
ability to determine outcome; self efficacy; hope
coping
cognitive and behavioural efforts to manage demands; changing; dynamic; multidimensional; ongoing process
emotion-focused coping
reduce negative emotions; distracting activities like drugs
problem focused coping
changing situation; making plan of action
billings and moos
active cognition; behavioural coping; avoidance
distancing
make efforts to put it out of mind
escape-avoidance
escapist; alcohol consumption
folkman
modification of coping model
meaning-focused coping
cognitive reframing, goal-directed, spiritual comfort; infusion of meaning
measuring coping
intra-individual or inter-individual
functional status
degree to which an individual can perform socially allocated roles
pain
nociception; physiological process; sensory and emotional experience
specificty theory
pain receptors - spinal pain pathway to brain - no pain w/o injury
episodic analgesia
delayed onset
phantom limb pain
pain without limb
pain disproportionate to injury
kidney stones
psychogenic model of chronic pain
in your head
gate control theory
brain can influence info; spinal cord has gate that blocks or allows
opening the gate
physical conditions; emotional conditions; cognitive conditions
sensory thresholds
lowest level any sensation is detected
