MCQ Flashcards
V:According to the dual pathway theory of cortical visual processing
the dorsal pathway is concerned with localizing where objects are and the ventral visual pathway with identifying what the objects are
O:Central and peripheral vestibular disorders can be differentiated by
1) investigating gaze-evoked nystagmus
2) investigating antisaccades
3) performing a head-shaking nystagmus maneuver
4) eliciting the VOR manually in the patient
5) analyzing whether spontaneous nystagmus is suppressed by fixation or not
5) analyzing whether spontaneous nystagmus is suppressed by fixation or not
P:Mechanical stimuli excite mechanoreceptors in the skin by activating what type of membrane receptor?
1) TTX sensitive sodium channels
2) Trp channels
3) Mechanosensitive ion channels
4) G protein coupled receptors
5) STOML3 protein
3) Mechanosensitive ion channels
O: Inhibition of reflexive saccades is NOT:
- visible at the patient’s bedside
- investigated by antisaccade testing
- controlled by the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
- dependent on Brodmann’s area 46
- dependent on omnipause neurons in the brainstem
5.dependent on omnipause neurons in the brainstem
P?: Wide dynamic range neurons
- are found exclusively in lamina I of the spinal cord
- have axons that do not project directly to the ventroposterior lateral portion of the thalamus
- code sensory discriminative aspects of noxious stimuli
- receive primary afferent input exclusively from nociceptive sensory neurons
- display no activity dependent plasticity
3.code sensory discriminative aspects of noxious stimuli
P:What afferent fiber type conveys vibrotactile sensation?
- Thinly myelinated Aδ-fibers
- Merkel disk afferent fibers
- Sympathetic efferent fibers
- Unmyelinated C-fibers
- Large myelinated Aβ−fibers
Large myelinated Aβ−fibers
V: Conscious visual perception
- involves activation of the pineal gland
- can be thought of as a one-to-one mapping of the visual input in the human brain
- is independent of a priori knowledge and expectations
- is an active interpretive process that involves multiple processing stages in the human brain
- is best explained by a multistage feedforward process
-is an active interpretive process that involves multiple processing stages in the human brain
A: Which statements are correct?
A) the starting point of the travelling wave in the cochlea is important for the place-pitch coding
B) loudness is coded by spike rate in the auditory nerve
C) frequency tuning curves are similar for all auditory neurons
D) the primary auditory cortex is tonotopically organised
E) the hearing threshold in humans is similar at all frequencies
BandD
P: Slowly adapting type II receptors
- fire irregularly to sustained mechanical stimuli
- enable us to localize indentation stimuli very accurately
- are associated with Merkel cells in the skin
- evoke no sensory perception when stimulated alone
- are very sensitive to vibration
evoke no sensory perception when stimulated alone It is -regular firing -not accurate location -not Merkel
P: It is possible to exclusively stimulate Pacinian corpuscle afferent neurons in humans
- by applying a low amplitude 50 Hz stimulus to the skin
- by applying a very small amplitude high frequency vibration to the skin.
- by applying a very large amplitude low frequency vibration to the skin
- by injection of capsaicin into the skin
- by shouting very loud
- High freq and vibration
O: Smooth pursuit eye movements
- stabilize images on the fovea by compensating for brief head movements
- are mainly controlled by the dorsal cerebellar vermis
- stabilize images of stationary objects on the fovea
- are controlled by an extensive cortico-subcortical network
- are rarely impaired by cerebral lesions
-are controlled by an extensive cortico-subcortical network
V: Retinal information in V1 is initially segregated in
Columns and layers
V: The perceived luminance of an object depends principally
- on the intensity of the light source
- on the colour spectrum of the light source
- on the motion speed of the object
- on the location of the object in the visual field
- on the contrast between the object and its background
-on the contrast between the object and its background
P: Fast heat pain
- appears in all individuals only when the skin is heated above 45oC
- is dependent on the presence of TRPV1
- is absent after mast cell degranulation
- is mediated by AMH fibres in man
- is not present in naked mole-rats
-is mediated by AMH fibres in man
P: What sensory fibre initiates the monosynaptic stretch reflex? Type Ia proprioceptors Type II golgi tendon organ receptors Large myelinated Aβ-fibers Sympathetic fibers Thinly myelinated Aδ-fibers
Type Ia proprioceptors
O:The following structure is not involved in brainstem control of saccades:
- Nucleus raphe interpositus
- Nucleus principalis nervi trigemini
- Prepontine paramedian reticular formation
- Nucleus prepositus hypoglossi
- Oculomotor nuclei
Nucleus principalis nervi trigemini
repeat: Retinal information in V1 is initially segregated in:
(repeated) columns and layers
O: Impaired inhibition of (unwanted) reflexive saccades is a sign of
- Vestibular disease
- Lesions affecting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
- Basal ganglia disorders
- Cerebellar disease
- Lesions affecting the frontal eye fields
Lesions affecting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
S: In the olfactory bulb, a sister cell
- is a mitral cell of X-chromosomal lineage
- is an interneuron connected to a mitral cell
- is the presynaptic olfactory sensory neuron projecting to the mitral cell
- is another mitral cell connected to the same glomerulus
- is a postsynaptic cell in the piriform cotex
is another mitral cell connected to the same glomerulus
P: What afferent fiber type conveys first pinch sensation?
- Thinly myelinated Aδ-fibers
- α-motorneurons
- Large myelinated Aβ-fibers
- Sympathetic efferent fibers
- Merkel disk afferent fibers
Thinly myelinated Aδ-fibers
P: Slowly adapting type I receptors… (indicate true statement)
- do not show sustained firing to indentation stimuli
- are uinimportant for texture discrimination
- are associated with Meissners corpuscles in the skin
- evoke no sensory perception when stimulated alone
- are sensitive to vibration
-are sensitive to vibration It is -edge sensitive -sustained firing -evoke perception alone -associated with Merkel
A: Which statements are correct?
- humans can generally hear sounds with frequencies between 20 Hz und 18 kHz
- the anatomical structure in which the primary auditory cortex is located is also called Heshl’s gyrus
- the main speech range in humans lies between 250 Hz und 3000 Hz
- a temperatur adjustment occurs in the middle ear between the air filled outer ear and the liquid filled inner ear
- a spectral analysis of complex accoustic signals takes place in the cochlea
1,2,3and5
- 0-20dB
- 1-6dB
V: Primary visual cortex is functionally organized in
layers, columns, and blobs
P: Refered pain
- Localizes the site of visceral injury very accurately
- Is mediated by nociceptors that innervate simultaneously skin and visceral tissue
- Arises as a result of activity in sensory neurons innervating the viscera
- Is the empathic feeling we have when others are in pain
- Indicates no underlying pathology and should be ignored
Arises as a result of activity in sensory neurons innervating the viscera
O: Which of the following eye movements changes images of the environment on the fovea?
Saccades
O: Irrepressible bursts of involuntary saccades (“ocular flutter / opsoclonus”)
- indicate dysfunction of the prepontine paramedian reticular formation
- occur with lesions affecting the oculomotor nuclei
- indicate dysfunction of omnipause neurons in the nucleus raphe interpositus
- occur with lesions affecting Brodmann’s area 46 in the prefrontal cortex
- are a sign of frontal eye field dysfunction
indicate dysfunction of omnipause neurons in the nucleus raphe interpositus
O: The “neural integrator” in the brainstem and cerebellar flocculus
- Controls the vestibulo-ocular reflex
- Transforms a saccade velocity signal into a tonic signal for gaze holding in eccentric positions
- Is involved in generating vergence eye movements
- Determines saccade velocity by integrating activity of neurons in oculomotor nuclei
- Controls accuracy of saccades
2.Transforms a saccade velocity signal into a tonic signal for gaze holding in eccentric positions
V: From the primary visual cortex (V1) information is conveyed further into the visual cortical system by two main pathways.
- The dorsal pathway mainly processes object recognition.
- None from the above.
- The WHAT pathway projects towards the parietal cortex.
- The ventral pathway mainly processes spatial information.
- The WHAT pathway projects towards the temporal cortex.
5
S: A group of olfactory receptor neurons with the same olfactory receptor usually projects to
- the VPL nucleus in the thalamus
- the superior cervical ganglion
- 2 glomeruli in the olfactory bulb
- 2000 glomeruli in the olfactory bulb
- the dorsal cochlear nucleus
-2 glomeruli in the olfactory bulb
P: C-fiber nociceptors <1 is wrong>
- make direct synaptic connections only with glutamatergic interneurons within the superficial dorsal horn.
- sometimes respond to skin cooling
- can mediate flare response in the skin when activated
- are often activated by algogenic chemicals
- never respond to brush stimuli
-make direct synaptic connections only with glutamatergic interneurons within the superficial dorsal horn.
P: Mechanical stimuli excite mechanoreceptors in the skin by exciting what type of membrane receptors?
Mechanosensitive ion channels
O: Impaired fixation suppression of the vestibulo-ocular reflex is a sign of
- Lesions affecting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
- Diseases affecting the cerebellar hemispheres
- Disturbed vergence
- Diseases affecting the cerebellar flocculus and/or dorsal vermis
- Parkinson’s disease
4.Diseases affecting the cerebellar flocculus and/or dorsal vermis
V: Complex cells in primary visual cortex
- are characterized by a particularly complex dendrite structure.
- are primarily found in layers 5 and 6.
- usually receive input from only one simple cell.
- have receptive fields with zones that are either clearly excitatory or inhibitory.
- respond to the orientation of a stimulus, largely irrespective of its position within the receptive field.
-respond to the orientation of a stimulus, largely irrespective of its position within the receptive field.
S: Action potentials In mitral cells of the olfactory bulb
- are always initiated at the axonal AP initiation zone
- backpropagate into the dendrite, a process that can be physically modeled with the properties of a passive cable
- result in glutamate release onto granular and periglomerular cells when they backpropagate and activate dendritic voltage gated Ca2+ channels
- always fire at the same frequency
- are boosted by dendritic Na+ anc K+ conductances when they backpropagate
-result in glutamate release onto granular and periglomerular cells when they backpropagate and activate dendritic voltage gated Ca2+ channels
P: Sensory neurons in the Dorsal root ganglia have myelinated and unmyelinated axons. Which class off fiber convey vibrotactile sensation?
- Large myelinated A-fibers
- Sympathetic efferent fibers
- γ−motor fibers
- Unmyelinated C-fibers
- Thinly myelinated Aδ-fibers
Large myelinated A-fibers
V: Which of the following statements is correct?
- Neurons in V1 are orientation selective but not direction selective.
- Only V1 neurons that have a center-surround receptive field are orientation selective and direction selective.
- Only V1 neurons that have an On-Off receptive field are orientation selective and direction selective.
- Neurons in V1 are orientation selective and direction selective.
- Neurons in V1 are direction selective but not orientation selective.
Neurons in V1 are orientation selective and direction selective.
simple cells… direction
complex cells… orientation
P: Mechanical stimuli excite mechaoreceptors in the skin by exciting what type of membrane ion channels?
Mechanosensitive cation channels
P: Slowly adapting type II receptors
code skin stretch
