MCQ Flashcards
CR:Match cortisol to its role
1) Increased protein synthesis: increased cell respiration
2) protein synthesis in muscles; decrease glucose utilisation
3) protein catabolism in muscles; gluconeognenesis in liver
4) Fall in blood glucose; increased fat synthesis
Protein catabolism in muscles; gluconeogenesis in liver
BBB: Which of the following statements is not correct?
1) Experimental evidence suggests that endothelial dysfunction plays a prominent role in the development of epilepsy
2) Marked BBB disruption is observed as early as three hours after ischemic stroke
3) Endothelial cells play a critical role in the regulation of vasodilation and vasoconstriction of resistance vessels
4) endothelial cells play an important role in the formation of new blood vessel
5) one of the main mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction is the diminishing of nitric oxide, often due to high levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine, which interfere with the normal L-arginine stimulated NO synthesis
Marked blood-brain barrier disruption is observed as early as three hours after ischemic stroke
CR: Which neurotransmitter is usually drastically reduced in the cerebrospinal fluid of individuals with narcolepsy type 1 (narcolepsy with cataplexy)?
orexin
CR: Which neurodegenerative disease is associated with a high prevalence of REM-sleep behavioral disorder?
Idiopathic Parkinson’s disease
N: Neurotrophin-3…
1) is not required for the survival of placode derived sensory neurons
2) causes pain when injected locally in humans
3) activates signal transduction pathways leading to the activation or ERKs and PI3Kinase in neurons
4) is reduced in patients with an inherited insensitivity to pain
5) activates signal transduction pathways that inhibits synaptic plasticity
activates signal transduction pathways leading to the activation of ERKs and PI3Kinase in neurons
CR: Consolidated periods of sleep and wakefulness are accomplished by…
opposing effects of circadian and homeostatic influences on sleep propensity傾向
D: Which of the following statements are correct?
1) Spreading depol does not occur after cardiocirculatory arrest
2) Spreading depol is a wave in the brain’s white matter propagating at a rate of -3mm/min
3) The E demand of the brain is reduced during spreading depol
4) Cerebral blood flow can respond to spreading depolarization with a severe decrease in regional cerebral blood flow
5) The ionic changes during epileptic seizure activity are larger than during spreading depol
Cerebral blood flow can respond to spreading depolarization with a severe decrease in regional cerebral blood flow
Which of the following statements are correct?
1) Cerebral blood flow can respond to spreading depolarization with a severe decrease in regional cerebral blood flow
2) Spreading depol occurs in migraine, stroke and status epilepticus
3) Spreading depol is a wave in the brain’s white matter propagating at a rate of -3mm/min
4) The E demand of the brain is reduced during spreading depol
5) The ionic changes during epileptic seizure activity are larger than during spreading depol
Spreading depolarization occurs in migraine, stroke and status epilepticus
and
Cerebral blood flow can respond to spreading depolarization with a severe decrease in regional cerebral blood flow
M: Spinal muscular atrophy
is caused by mutations in the SMN1 gene
I: The most important antigen-presenting cells in the CNS are
Microglia
I: Which of the following statements is erroneous?
1) NK-cells expand clonally after stimulation with their specific antigen
2) T cells recognise only peptides presented by MHC molecules
3) MHC I present pathogenic antigens degraded in the cytosol
4) B cells recognise soluble antigens, independent on MHC presentation
5) Innate immunity does not lead to immunological memory
1) NK-cells expand clonally after stimulation with their specific antigen
CNS: Which of the following is not an infectious disease of the central nervous system? Herpes encephalitis Neurosyphilis PML MS Rabies
MS
M: In which types of internal models are sensomotoric transformations organized?
1) feedback models
2) oblique models
3) Forward/inverse models
4) kinematic models
Forward/inverse models
CR:Which sleep stage is represented in the following polysomnological recording (10 sec)?
Picture
CR: Where is the circadian master pacemaker in mammals located?
In the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus
CNS: Which component is NOT primarily involved in the induction of the acute host response in bacterial meningitis?
CD4+ T lymphocytes
CR: Human chronotype is not determined by cardiac period sleep duration zeitgeber strength age gender
sleep duration
CR: Which statement(s) about circadian behaviour is (are) correct?
1) When kept in a light-dark schedule, rats synchronize their activity with the light, but they are constantly active when transferred into constant darkness
2) Transplanted paraventricular nuclei of the anterior hypothalamus restore behavioural rhythmicity in lesioned hamsters
3) The suprachiasmatic nuclei control rhythmic oscillations in locomotor activity, the sleep-wake cycle, hormone levels, metabolism, and
food intake
4)Disruption of the suprachiasmatic nuclei results in arrhythmic behaviour in constant conditions
5) Cultured suprachiasmatic nuclei lose rhythmicity immediately after explantation
3) The suprachiasmatic nuclei control rhythmic oscillations in locomotor activity, the sleep-wake cycle, hormone levels, metabolism, and
food intake
4)Disruption of the suprachiasmatic nuclei results in arrhythmic behaviour in constant conditions
D: Which of the following statements is not correct?
1) Regional cerebral blood flow increases in response to functional activation under physiological conditions
2) Regional cerebral blood flow decreases in response to hypocapnea under physiological conditions
3) Regional cerebral blood flow decreases in response to spreading depolarization under physiological conditions
4) Regional cerebral blood flow increases in response to high frequency electrical stimulation of the brain tissue under physiological conditions
5) cerebral blood flow decreases under barbiturate anesthesia
3) Regional cerebral blood flow decreases in response to spreading depolarization under physiological conditions
I: Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) is
1) is an animal model for bacterial inflammation of the brain
2) is an autoimmune disease
3) can be induced in recipient mice by transferring virus-infected immune cells
4) can be induced in recipient mice by transferring myelin-specific T cells
5) is an animal model for Multiple Sclerosis
is an autoimmune disease
is an animal model for Multiple Sclerosis
can be induced in recipient mice by transferring myelin-specific T cells
N: NGF induced neurite outgrowth …
1) requires retrograde transport of NGF to the cell soma
2) depends on the activation of Protein Kinase C
3) is reduced in Bax -/- mice
4) highly inhibitory for the growth of CNS axons
5) is mediated by a local peripheral mechanism
is mediated by a local peripheral mechanism
I: The assumption that CD4+ T cells play a crucial role in MS is supported by
1) Induction of EAE in naïve animals by depleting myelin antigen-specific CD8+ T cells
2) Induction of EAE in naïve animals by transfer of myelin antigen-specific CD4+ T cells
3) Association of MS with certain MHC-class I haplotypes
4) Association of MS with certain MHC-class II haplotypes
5) Association of MS with a particular Th1 phenotype
Induction of EAE in naïve animals by transfer of myelin antigen-specific CD4+ T cells )Association of MS with certain MHC-class II haplotypes Association of MS with a particular Th1 phenotype
How many percent of the total body oxygen consumption is attributable to brain energy metabolism?
20%
IG: Which of the following metabolites that can be detected with 1H in-vivo NMR-spectroscopy of the brain is considered as a neuronal marker that indicates intact neuronal tissue?
N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA)
CNS:Which of the following diseases is not considered as an autoimmune disease?
- Myasthenia gravis
- Parkinson
- Systematic lupus erythematodes
- MS
- Rheumatoide arthritis
Parkinson
CR: Which predominant frequency band is to be expected in the parieto-occipital region in the EEG of a healthy awake individual with eyes closed?
8.5-12/s (suppression of alpha)
CNS: Which is not a typical symptom of encephalitis? headache neck stiffness epileptic seizures confusion fever
neck stiffness
N: From which tissue was nerve growth factor originally purified?
1) mouse spinal cord
2) embryonic chicken legs
3) phaeochromacytoma cells
4) bovine brain
5) male mouse salivary glands (submandibular glands)
male mouse salivary glands (submandibular glands)
CR: During REM sleep the electromyogram shows
complete inhibition of muscle tone
IG: Which equation describes Poiseuille’s Equation correctly
Vessel resistance (R) is directly proportional to the length (L) of the vessel and the viscosity (η) of the blood, and inversely proportional to the radius to the fourth power (r4).
Which of the following statements is wrong?
1) circadian clocks are endogenous oscillators
2) circadian period is temperature-compensated
3) Molecular circadian rhythms are generated by a gene-regulatory flip-flop switch.
4) circadian clocks in mammals are entrained by light-dark cycles
5) liver cells contains a circadian clock
Molecular circadian rhythms are generated by a gene-regulatory flip-flop switch.
CR: Which of the following statements is wrong?
1) circadian clocks are endogenous oscillators
2) circadian period is temperature-compensated
3) Molecular circadian rhythms are generated by a gene-regulatory flip-flop switch.
4) circadian clocks in mammals are entrained by light-dark cycles
5) liver cells contains a circadian clock
Molecular circadian rhythms are generated by a gene-regulatory flip-flop switch.
IG: 22:Please mark the correct answers to the following sentence (there might be more than one correct answer). The assumption that CD4+ T cells play a crucial role in MS is supported by
same as 22
Which molecule(s) is/are not released from microglia in the context of neuroinflammation?
Angiotensin
N: Which of the following neurotrophin ligand/receptor specificities is correct?
trkA-NGF, trkC-NT-3, trkB-NT-4 and BDNF, p75 all neurotrophins
CNS: What is not a correct escape or attack strategy of pathogens that infect the brain?
- Neisseria bacteria express a protein that also binds factor H, mimicking body cells and preventing any attack from the innate immune system.
- Rabies virus enter into the CNS without triggering apoptosis of the infected neurons and preserving the integrity of neurites.
- HIV infets the brain via migration of infected monocutes which differentiate into perivascular macrophage.
- Herpes Simplex Virus 1 hijacks migratory memory CD4 T cells to invade the brain, which is also referred to as the “Trojan horse strategy” of HSV1.
- JC virus uses the immunosuppressive state caused by natalizumab, rituiximab or efalizumab to infect the brain
- Herpes Simplex Virus 1 hijacks migratory memory CD4 T cells to invade the brain, which is also referred to as the “Trojan horse strategy” of HSV1.
