MCQ Flashcards
1
Q
What are nocioceptors?
A
It is a receptor of a sensory neuron (nerve cell). Pain reception “ sensation
is based on receptor function of nociceptive free nerve endings
2
Q
What are proprioceptors?
A
Receptor is found in the same organ (muscle) as the effector (muscle). It is maintaining
muscular tone. Definition: detection of changes in body posture. Function: information about
the posture and gait
3
Q
What are exteroceptive reflex?
A
Receptor is found in an organ (skin) different from that of the effector (muscle)
4
Q
What is hyperaglasia
A
Is an increased sensitivity to pain, which may be caused by damage to nocioceptors or peripheral nerves
5
Q
Mysathenia gravis
A
Is an autoimmune disease or congenital neuromuscular disease, which results from antibodies
that block nicotinic acetylcholine receptors at the junction between nerve and muscle. This
prevents nerve impulses from triggering muscle contraction “ muscle weakness.
6
Q
If craniocervical part of spine damaged, what happens?
A
No UMN to front - and hind limb (Tetra paresis)
Respiratory failure
Decreased proprioception
7
Q
Thoracolumbar part of spine damaged:
A
No LMN to hind limb
Front limb: normal
8
Q
Caudocervical part of spine damaged:
A
Front limb: LMN
Hind limb: UMN
9
Q
Lumbosacral part of spine damaged:
A
Front limb: normal
Hind limb: LMN
10
Q
Altered function in LMN results in:
A
- Hyporeflexy
- Hypo-/atonia of muscles
- Flaccid paresis
11
Q
Greek meaning of ‘‘apoptosis’’
A
“Falling off” “ programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms
12
Q
Released in acute stress
A
Catecholamine’s (Epinephrine (adrenalin), Norepinephrine)
13
Q
Released in chronic stress
A
Glucocorticoids
14
Q
What can cause grass tetany?
A
lack of magnesium (Hypomagnesium)
15
Q
Pathogenesis of milk fever?
A
Decreased Ca. Decreased P
16
Q
Steroid hormones can cause:
A
Cushing’s disease (Hyperadrenocorticism)
17
Q
Blood loss anaemia:
A
Acute bleeding leading to hypovolaemia
18
Q
Chronic blood loss:
A
Caused by iron (Fe) defiency
19
Q
Urolith/bladder stone is caused by:
A
High P
20
Q
Cushings disease is same as
A
Hyperadrenocorticism
21
Q
Addisons disease is the same as:
A
Hypoadrenocorticism
22
Q
Which is a lipoprotein?
A
Is a group of soluble proteins that combine with and transport fat or other lipids in the blood
plasma. HDL, LDL, VLDL, IDL
23
Q
Non-regenerative anaemia can be cause by:
A
Bracken fern toxicosis (pteridium aquilinum)
24
Q
What can be the causes of haemolysis:
A
Babesia, is a protozoan parasite that infects red blood cells causing a disease known as
babesiosis
25
Cheyne-Stokes breathing:
Gradual increase of breathing, followed by a gradual decrease in breathing, and then followed
by a period of apnea
26
Hypothermia means:
Occurs when your body loses heat faster than it can produce heat, causing a dangerously low
body temperature and organ malfunction
27
In cholestasis:
Increase of GGT and ALKP
28
Altered function in UMN will result in:
- Hyperreflexy
- Spastic paresis
- Rigidity
29
CRT acts on the:
Pituitary gland
30
Methaemoglobin is caused by:
Nitrates or copper
31
What are xenobiotics:
Foreign chemical not usually found in organism (antibiotic and food additives)
32
Obstipation
Extreme and persistent constipation caused by caused by obstruction in the intestinal system
33
Vitium (defect) is:
Stable condition
34
Is Mg important for iso-osmosis
Not important
35
Venous pressure in the kidney
Hypovolemic shock
36
Which is most severe dehydration?
Hypertonic (total global dehydration)
37
Inflammation haemodynamic:
Vessel permeability increase
38
Ion involved in arrhythmias:
K+
39
Increase acid
Increase anion gap
40
Hypochloraemia is caused by:
Vomiting, abdominal displacement, diarrhoea and sweating in horses
41
DIC is:
Not primary condition
42
Left Displacement Abomasum / Right Displacement Abomasum is most common:
LDA most common without torsion
| RDA is most severe, most often with torsion
43
Ethylene glycol toxicosis:
Metabolites damage the kidney
44
Oncotic pressure decrease:
Less fluid taken back into the blood= filtration increases
45
Dalmatians
Has no uricase enzyme, uric acid excretion decrease. Gout can occur
46
What is gout?
A form of inflammatory arthritis characterized by recurrent attacks of red, tender, hot and swollen joint
47
Rhabdomyolysis
Breakdown of striated muscles (low O2, free radicals, electrolyte imbalance, infection)
48
Spinal injury location:
Narrowed down to 1 and 4 sections
49
Which cranial nerve affects mastication in dog?
5th nerve, trigeminal nerve
50
Which cranial nerve affects the mastication of horses?
7th nerve, facial nerve
51
Which cranial nerve affects mastication of ruminants?
12th nerve, Hypoglossal nerve
52
Botulism. What does it inactivate?
Blocks nerve function through inhibition of acetylcholine (neurotransmitter)
53
Na concentration?
140-150 mmol/L
54
What is true?
Genetic diseases are always congenital
55
What is osteomalacia?
Softening of bones, typically due to deficiency of vitamin D or calcium
56
What is wrong about starvation?
Is not a storage disorder
57
Low iron in piglets is caused by:
Poor iron stores
58
What is true?
Vomiting cause alkalosis
59
Increased acid
Causes increased anion gap
60
Liver enzymes increase in
Liver malfunction
61
Which is correct
Congenital defect in growth hormone leads to dwarfism
62
Renal osteopathy:
Mineral mobilization from bones
63
Apoptosis in embryo:
Forms cavities and fingers
64
What is correct:
Vitamin E and Se cause encephalomalatica
65
Incorrect statement about free radicals:
Saturated fats are more susceptible
66
Sub-ileus
Lumen is partially occluded or blocked
67
Paralytic ileus
Blockage of intestine due to paralysis of the intestine
68
Leukotriene's
Eicosanoid inflammatory mediators produced in leukocytes. Regulate the immune responses
is to trigger contractions in the smooth muscles lining the bronchioles; their overproduction is
a major cause of inflammation in asthma and allergic rhinitis
69
Blood Brain Barrier
Slow diffusion-Glucose, VFA, amino acids, antibiotics
Fast diffusion-CO2, O2, drugs, anesthetics narcotics, non-polar + small molecules like urea
No diffusion-HCO3
, albumin, ammonia
70
B12 deficiency
Macrocytic: NORMO-chromic
71
What is allodynia?
Allodynia is a clinical feature of many painful conditions. Such as neuropathies, complex
regional pain syndrome, post-herpetic neuralgia, fibromyalgia, and migraine. Allodynia may also
be caused by some populations of stem cells used to treat nerve damage including spinal
cord injury
72
Impulse formative disorder
Tetany, convulsion
73
Lactobacilli, when do they overgrow?
In case of cytolytic vaginosis. leads to acidity and irritation
74
In case of frothy bloat. What helps the animal?
Antifoaming agent
75
Fatty liver. Disturbances in gluconeogenesis and...?
Decreased transport of lipoprotein production (e.g. VLDL)
76
LMN
also called lower motor neuron. for voluntary movement of eyes, tongue, face- vocalization, swallowing and chewing
77
What is atrophy
Decreased size of the muscle, partial or complete wasting of a part of the body
78
What is hypotonia?
Decreased tone of muscle, "floppy baby syndrome"
79
Vitamin E is an?
Antioxidant: against free radical, prevent LDL formation, anticoagulant and prevent oxidation
of polyunsaturated fatty acid
80
Ions in the extra-cellular space:
Cation: Na+ and Ca2+ // Anions: Cl- and HCO3
81
Cats regarding bilirubin. what is special about it?
Cats tend more to have bilirubinuria
82
What is a not a "production disorder"?
Starvation
83
What stimulate gastric acid production?
Gastrin, Acetylcholine and Histamine (and ghrelin)
84
What is vitium?
A fault, defect or vice
85
What is apoptosis?
The death of cells, which occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organism's growth or development
86
Diabetes insipidus. Does ADH decrease or increase?
ADH increase
87
Lipids in cell membrane
Phospholipids, Sphingomyelin and Glycolipids
88
Where is vitamin E an anti-oxidant
Inside the cell membrane
89
Thrombocytopenia is the most common hematological disorder?
Quantitative disorder
90
Clinical sigh of hematological disorder?
Patechia, ecchymosis, hematoma, hemothorax, hemoperitoneum and hemopericardium
91
How do you measure APTT?
Intrinsic pathway: silicon dioxide as activator
92
Extrinsic and intrinsic pathway?
Intrinsic: APTT // Extrinsic: PT // Common: TT, everything increase
93
When is UBG found in urine?
Prehepatic and hepatic icterus
94
Which disease does not occur in this state?
White muscle disease
95
Portosystemic shunt, when does it occur?
Intrahepatic- often in large breed dogs
96
Heart stops in systole or diastole in some compulsory state
Diastole
97
Shock enzyme of the liver
AST and ALT increase
98
Gastric mucosal barriers
Epithelial cells, mucous secretion and layer of bicarbonate ions
99
What is true about free radicals?
It is a highly reactive and unstable molecule; they will stabilize by stealing/receiving an electron from a nearby molecule
100
Von Willebrand's disease, what is true?
Congenital, factor 8
101
Uricosis/gout which one is correct:
Uric acid precipitates around the blood vessels and joints
102
Frothy bloat of a cow is developed
It is caused when feed is concentrated (high in protein and lipids. Always acute, life threatening condition
103
Hoflund's syndrome
Clinical sign: bloat // cause: foreign body in the reticulum causing reticulo-peritonitis
104
Dalmatian and gout, what is false?
Allantoin cannot turn into uric acid
105
Frothy bloat on the cow ions involved
Calcium and phosphate increase
106
What causes CNS symptoms
Portosystemic shunt
107
What is correct for Portosystemic shunt?
The portal vein is connected to systemic blood circulation without passing the liver
108
What is true for the lobes
Frontal lobe controls the limbic system (behaviour)
109
Cows lipid breakdown, ketoacidosis, fatty liver
Consequences of ketosis
110
What are the chemical mediators of acute inflammation? compounds of the immediate (early) phase of exudation:
Prostaglandin 2, first
| Serotonin, second
111
What are the chemical mediators of acute inflammation? compounds of the (late) delayed phase of exudation:
Hagemann-factor dependent pathways and lipid mediators
112
What is CRF? where does it come from?
Chronic Renal Failure. More commonly classified as chronic kidney disease and is listed as
stages based on the patient's level of glomerular filtration rate, which is a measure of filtering
capacity of the kidneys
113
To what is LPO dangerous?
Lipid-Per-Oxidation = lipids becomes rancid-- tissue damage, hemolysis of RBC, carcinogenic and mutangenic
114
Vasoconstrictors or Vasodilators?
Vasoconstrictior: Products of platelet activation, Endotoxin, Thrombin, Insulin, Hypoxia, epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine and angiotensin
Vasodilators: epinephrine (beta-2-receptors), histamine, PKG, prostaglandin and bradykinin
115
urolithalis is cause by?
Decreased water intake, decreased frequency of urination, increased intake of calcium,
phosphorus and magnesium
116
What is true about ionized Ca percentage?
40%
117
During hypoventilation
Hypoventilation increases during obstruction of airways
118
When a patient comes into the clinic with suspected spine injury the clinician can?
Access and divide the probable point of injury as arising from 4 segments
119
When the parathyroid gland is not working
The anti freeze is toxic anyway and the mineralization of the tissues happens
120
What are the symptoms when animals have eaten anti freeze liquid
Hypocalcaemia and demineralization
121
Comjugated and unconjugated bilirubin
The conjugated bilirubin is more often excreted to blood (Br II)
122
What is true for Equine Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy
Storage of high amount of glycogen and polysacc within muscle fibre
123
Carbohydrate metabolism in horse/ Monday morning sickness in horse:
Hyperglycemic disorder, increased breakdown of glycogen store
124
Pseudo-hyperparathyroidism. how does it develop?
Hypercalcaemia occurring in association with a malignant neoplasm but without skeletal
metastases or primary hyperparathyroidism, possibly caused by the formation of parathyroid
hormone by non-parathyroid tumor tissue
125
What does SOD do?
Super-Oxide-Dismutase = antioxidant enzyme, that catalase the dismutant (O2-)
2 O2- + 2 H-SOD " H2O2 + O2
126
What endocrine problem can cause PTH secretion
Parathyroid hyperplasia and adrenocarcinoma
127
What is the esophageal reflex?
```
Only in young ruminants, only for milk (water is not activating the reflex, so water enter the
rumen). Bypass reticulo-rumen
Influenced by:
-Reflex arch injury
-Sympathetic effect
-Nutritive factors
-ADH
-Thirst
-Copper, sulphate, sodium bicarbonate
-Milk protein content
```
128
The most important ion in health problems
Na, Ca and K
129
Vasopressin compared to ADH
Same
130
Cows and their fatty liver disease
It is not a liver disease. cause: relative/absolute energy deficiency (Negative Energy Balance)
131
What happens to the muscle when activation is decreased?
Muscle mass and muscle strength beginning to decrease
132
What is true?
Secondary bile acids is the result from bacterial actions in the colon and conjugation of primary bile acids
133
Part of the special gut mucosa
Prostaglandins (2)
134
Hemolysis is caused by
Insulin overdose
135
What is true
Bilirubin increase in haemolysis (prehepatic) phase and during liver damage (hepatic)
136
What counts as a motor unit
Motor neuron, Skeletal muscle fiber, Terminal axon. All of them
137
Hypertonic animal, what is correct
Hypertonia is the same effect like drinking sea water
138
Constipation during obesity
Obese and little exercised animals have bigger chance of constipation
139
What is false about tetany
The magnesium don't play any part of it
140
Necrosis which one is false
Requires a lot of energy
141
Apoptosis which one is false
Takes a lot of time
142
What is the homeostasis center located
Hypothalamus
143
In diabetes mellitus
Polydipsia is cause of polyuria
144
In eclampsy the ions
Ca plays an crucial role
145
What is not correct
Vomiting is caused by a release of vasopressin
146
Oxygen is a
Strong oxide due to 2 electrons with parallel spin
147
The most important cation and ion inn anion balance are
Cl and Na/Ca and Na
148
Tetanic convulsions
Decreased ionized Ca and also hypoglycaemia
149
Which one does not lead to regenerative anaemia
Bracken fern toxicosis
150
Hypernatremia is when the concentration lowers to
>130
151
The ration of ketone bodies
Milk 1, plasma 2-3, urine 4-5
152
The nerve that effects horses mastication/seizing
7
153
Hydrogen peroxide
It is not a free radical, but ROS
154
Qualitative salivation problems are defined as
The bicarbonate molecules is missing (HCO3)
155
Partuition paresis
Hypocalcaemia
156
Released in acute stress
Catecolamines
157
Congenital enteral disease
Milk and Flavor defect
158
Observed in a fasting ruminants
Alkalosis (true: increase of saliva, increase pH)
| -Increase in ketones (ketosis), decrease of motility, decrease of VFA
159
What causes dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
Megaosophagus
160
What is false
Anaphylaxis
161
Dalmatians regulate their hyperuricemia by
Increased excretion
162
What is not a chewing problem
Megaosophagus
163
Hypernatraemia can also be called
"Salt poisoning"
164
What can cause alkalosis in ruminants
Increased protein intake, decreased carbohydrate intake
