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Pathophysio MCQ > MCQ > Flashcards

MCQ Flashcards

1
Q

What are nocioceptors?

A

It is a receptor of a sensory neuron (nerve cell). Pain reception “ sensation
is based on receptor function of nociceptive free nerve endings

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2
Q

What are proprioceptors?

A

Receptor is found in the same organ (muscle) as the effector (muscle). It is maintaining
muscular tone. Definition: detection of changes in body posture. Function: information about
the posture and gait

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3
Q

What are exteroceptive reflex?

A

Receptor is found in an organ (skin) different from that of the effector (muscle)

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4
Q

What is hyperaglasia

A

Is an increased sensitivity to pain, which may be caused by damage to nocioceptors or peripheral nerves

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5
Q

Mysathenia gravis

A

Is an autoimmune disease or congenital neuromuscular disease, which results from antibodies
that block nicotinic acetylcholine receptors at the junction between nerve and muscle. This
prevents nerve impulses from triggering muscle contraction “ muscle weakness.

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6
Q

If craniocervical part of spine damaged, what happens?

A

No UMN to front - and hind limb (Tetra paresis)
Respiratory failure
Decreased proprioception

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7
Q

Thoracolumbar part of spine damaged:

A

No LMN to hind limb

Front limb: normal

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8
Q

Caudocervical part of spine damaged:

A

Front limb: LMN

Hind limb: UMN

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9
Q

Lumbosacral part of spine damaged:

A

Front limb: normal

Hind limb: LMN

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10
Q

Altered function in LMN results in:

A
  • Hyporeflexy
  • Hypo-/atonia of muscles
  • Flaccid paresis
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11
Q

Greek meaning of ‘‘apoptosis’’

A

“Falling off” “ programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms

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12
Q

Released in acute stress

A

Catecholamine’s (Epinephrine (adrenalin), Norepinephrine)

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13
Q

Released in chronic stress

A

Glucocorticoids

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14
Q

What can cause grass tetany?

A

lack of magnesium (Hypomagnesium)

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15
Q

Pathogenesis of milk fever?

A

Decreased Ca. Decreased P

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16
Q

Steroid hormones can cause:

A

Cushing’s disease (Hyperadrenocorticism)

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17
Q

Blood loss anaemia:

A

Acute bleeding leading to hypovolaemia

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18
Q

Chronic blood loss:

A

Caused by iron (Fe) defiency

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19
Q

Urolith/bladder stone is caused by:

A

High P

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20
Q

Cushings disease is same as

A

Hyperadrenocorticism

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21
Q

Addisons disease is the same as:

A

Hypoadrenocorticism

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22
Q

Which is a lipoprotein?

A

Is a group of soluble proteins that combine with and transport fat or other lipids in the blood
plasma. HDL, LDL, VLDL, IDL

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23
Q

Non-regenerative anaemia can be cause by:

A

Bracken fern toxicosis (pteridium aquilinum)

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24
Q

What can be the causes of haemolysis:

A

Babesia, is a protozoan parasite that infects red blood cells causing a disease known as
babesiosis

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25
Q

Cheyne-Stokes breathing:

A

Gradual increase of breathing, followed by a gradual decrease in breathing, and then followed
by a period of apnea

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26
Q

Hypothermia means:

A

Occurs when your body loses heat faster than it can produce heat, causing a dangerously low
body temperature and organ malfunction

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27
Q

In cholestasis:

A

Increase of GGT and ALKP

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28
Q

Altered function in UMN will result in:

A
  • Hyperreflexy
  • Spastic paresis
  • Rigidity
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29
Q

CRT acts on the:

A

Pituitary gland

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30
Q

Methaemoglobin is caused by:

A

Nitrates or copper

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31
Q

What are xenobiotics:

A

Foreign chemical not usually found in organism (antibiotic and food additives)

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32
Q

Obstipation

A

Extreme and persistent constipation caused by caused by obstruction in the intestinal system

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33
Q

Vitium (defect) is:

A

Stable condition

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34
Q

Is Mg important for iso-osmosis

A

Not important

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35
Q

Venous pressure in the kidney

A

Hypovolemic shock

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36
Q

Which is most severe dehydration?

A

Hypertonic (total global dehydration)

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37
Q

Inflammation haemodynamic:

A

Vessel permeability increase

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38
Q

Ion involved in arrhythmias:

A

K+

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39
Q

Increase acid

A

Increase anion gap

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40
Q

Hypochloraemia is caused by:

A

Vomiting, abdominal displacement, diarrhoea and sweating in horses

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41
Q

DIC is:

A

Not primary condition

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42
Q

Left Displacement Abomasum / Right Displacement Abomasum is most common:

A

LDA most common without torsion

RDA is most severe, most often with torsion

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43
Q

Ethylene glycol toxicosis:

A

Metabolites damage the kidney

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44
Q

Oncotic pressure decrease:

A

Less fluid taken back into the blood= filtration increases

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45
Q

Dalmatians

A

Has no uricase enzyme, uric acid excretion decrease. Gout can occur

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46
Q

What is gout?

A

A form of inflammatory arthritis characterized by recurrent attacks of red, tender, hot and swollen joint

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47
Q

Rhabdomyolysis

A

Breakdown of striated muscles (low O2, free radicals, electrolyte imbalance, infection)

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48
Q

Spinal injury location:

A

Narrowed down to 1 and 4 sections

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49
Q

Which cranial nerve affects mastication in dog?

A

5th nerve, trigeminal nerve

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50
Q

Which cranial nerve affects the mastication of horses?

A

7th nerve, facial nerve

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51
Q

Which cranial nerve affects mastication of ruminants?

A

12th nerve, Hypoglossal nerve

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52
Q

Botulism. What does it inactivate?

A

Blocks nerve function through inhibition of acetylcholine (neurotransmitter)

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53
Q

Na concentration?

A

140-150 mmol/L

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54
Q

What is true?

A

Genetic diseases are always congenital

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55
Q

What is osteomalacia?

A

Softening of bones, typically due to deficiency of vitamin D or calcium

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56
Q

What is wrong about starvation?

A

Is not a storage disorder

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57
Q

Low iron in piglets is caused by:

A

Poor iron stores

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58
Q

What is true?

A

Vomiting cause alkalosis

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59
Q

Increased acid

A

Causes increased anion gap

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60
Q

Liver enzymes increase in

A

Liver malfunction

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61
Q

Which is correct

A

Congenital defect in growth hormone leads to dwarfism

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62
Q

Renal osteopathy:

A

Mineral mobilization from bones

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63
Q

Apoptosis in embryo:

A

Forms cavities and fingers

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64
Q

What is correct:

A

Vitamin E and Se cause encephalomalatica

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65
Q

Incorrect statement about free radicals:

A

Saturated fats are more susceptible

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66
Q

Sub-ileus

A

Lumen is partially occluded or blocked

67
Q

Paralytic ileus

A

Blockage of intestine due to paralysis of the intestine

68
Q

Leukotriene’s

A

Eicosanoid inflammatory mediators produced in leukocytes. Regulate the immune responses
is to trigger contractions in the smooth muscles lining the bronchioles; their overproduction is
a major cause of inflammation in asthma and allergic rhinitis

69
Q

Blood Brain Barrier

A

Slow diffusion-Glucose, VFA, amino acids, antibiotics

Fast diffusion-CO2, O2, drugs, anesthetics narcotics, non-polar + small molecules like urea

No diffusion-HCO3
, albumin, ammonia

70
Q

B12 deficiency

A

Macrocytic: NORMO-chromic

71
Q

What is allodynia?

A

Allodynia is a clinical feature of many painful conditions. Such as neuropathies, complex
regional pain syndrome, post-herpetic neuralgia, fibromyalgia, and migraine. Allodynia may also
be caused by some populations of stem cells used to treat nerve damage including spinal
cord injury

72
Q

Impulse formative disorder

A

Tetany, convulsion

73
Q

Lactobacilli, when do they overgrow?

A

In case of cytolytic vaginosis. leads to acidity and irritation

74
Q

In case of frothy bloat. What helps the animal?

A

Antifoaming agent

75
Q

Fatty liver. Disturbances in gluconeogenesis and…?

A

Decreased transport of lipoprotein production (e.g. VLDL)

76
Q

LMN

A

also called lower motor neuron. for voluntary movement of eyes, tongue, face- vocalization, swallowing and chewing

77
Q

What is atrophy

A

Decreased size of the muscle, partial or complete wasting of a part of the body

78
Q

What is hypotonia?

A

Decreased tone of muscle, “floppy baby syndrome”

79
Q

Vitamin E is an?

A

Antioxidant: against free radical, prevent LDL formation, anticoagulant and prevent oxidation
of polyunsaturated fatty acid

80
Q

Ions in the extra-cellular space:

A

Cation: Na+ and Ca2+ // Anions: Cl- and HCO3

81
Q

Cats regarding bilirubin. what is special about it?

A

Cats tend more to have bilirubinuria

82
Q

What is a not a “production disorder”?

A

Starvation

83
Q

What stimulate gastric acid production?

A

Gastrin, Acetylcholine and Histamine (and ghrelin)

84
Q

What is vitium?

A

A fault, defect or vice

85
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

The death of cells, which occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organism’s growth or development

86
Q

Diabetes insipidus. Does ADH decrease or increase?

A

ADH increase

87
Q

Lipids in cell membrane

A

Phospholipids, Sphingomyelin and Glycolipids

88
Q

Where is vitamin E an anti-oxidant

A

Inside the cell membrane

89
Q

Thrombocytopenia is the most common hematological disorder?

A

Quantitative disorder

90
Q

Clinical sigh of hematological disorder?

A

Patechia, ecchymosis, hematoma, hemothorax, hemoperitoneum and hemopericardium

91
Q

How do you measure APTT?

A

Intrinsic pathway: silicon dioxide as activator

92
Q

Extrinsic and intrinsic pathway?

A

Intrinsic: APTT // Extrinsic: PT // Common: TT, everything increase

93
Q

When is UBG found in urine?

A

Prehepatic and hepatic icterus

94
Q

Which disease does not occur in this state?

A

White muscle disease

95
Q

Portosystemic shunt, when does it occur?

A

Intrahepatic- often in large breed dogs

96
Q

Heart stops in systole or diastole in some compulsory state

A

Diastole

97
Q

Shock enzyme of the liver

A

AST and ALT increase

98
Q

Gastric mucosal barriers

A

Epithelial cells, mucous secretion and layer of bicarbonate ions

99
Q

What is true about free radicals?

A

It is a highly reactive and unstable molecule; they will stabilize by stealing/receiving an electron from a nearby molecule

100
Q

Von Willebrand’s disease, what is true?

A

Congenital, factor 8

101
Q

Uricosis/gout which one is correct:

A

Uric acid precipitates around the blood vessels and joints

102
Q

Frothy bloat of a cow is developed

A

It is caused when feed is concentrated (high in protein and lipids. Always acute, life threatening condition

103
Q

Hoflund’s syndrome

A

Clinical sign: bloat // cause: foreign body in the reticulum causing reticulo-peritonitis

104
Q

Dalmatian and gout, what is false?

A

Allantoin cannot turn into uric acid

105
Q

Frothy bloat on the cow ions involved

A

Calcium and phosphate increase

106
Q

What causes CNS symptoms

A

Portosystemic shunt

107
Q

What is correct for Portosystemic shunt?

A

The portal vein is connected to systemic blood circulation without passing the liver

108
Q

What is true for the lobes

A

Frontal lobe controls the limbic system (behaviour)

109
Q

Cows lipid breakdown, ketoacidosis, fatty liver

A

Consequences of ketosis

110
Q

What are the chemical mediators of acute inflammation? compounds of the immediate (early) phase of exudation:

A

Prostaglandin 2, first

Serotonin, second

111
Q

What are the chemical mediators of acute inflammation? compounds of the (late) delayed phase of exudation:

A

Hagemann-factor dependent pathways and lipid mediators

112
Q

What is CRF? where does it come from?

A

Chronic Renal Failure. More commonly classified as chronic kidney disease and is listed as
stages based on the patient’s level of glomerular filtration rate, which is a measure of filtering
capacity of the kidneys

113
Q

To what is LPO dangerous?

A

Lipid-Per-Oxidation = lipids becomes rancid– tissue damage, hemolysis of RBC, carcinogenic and mutangenic

114
Q

Vasoconstrictors or Vasodilators?

A

Vasoconstrictior: Products of platelet activation, Endotoxin, Thrombin, Insulin, Hypoxia, epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine and angiotensin
Vasodilators: epinephrine (beta-2-receptors), histamine, PKG, prostaglandin and bradykinin

115
Q

urolithalis is cause by?

A

Decreased water intake, decreased frequency of urination, increased intake of calcium,
phosphorus and magnesium

116
Q

What is true about ionized Ca percentage?

A

40%

117
Q

During hypoventilation

A

Hypoventilation increases during obstruction of airways

118
Q

When a patient comes into the clinic with suspected spine injury the clinician can?

A

Access and divide the probable point of injury as arising from 4 segments

119
Q

When the parathyroid gland is not working

A

The anti freeze is toxic anyway and the mineralization of the tissues happens

120
Q

What are the symptoms when animals have eaten anti freeze liquid

A

Hypocalcaemia and demineralization

121
Q

Comjugated and unconjugated bilirubin

A

The conjugated bilirubin is more often excreted to blood (Br II)

122
Q

What is true for Equine Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy

A

Storage of high amount of glycogen and polysacc within muscle fibre

123
Q

Carbohydrate metabolism in horse/ Monday morning sickness in horse:

A

Hyperglycemic disorder, increased breakdown of glycogen store

124
Q

Pseudo-hyperparathyroidism. how does it develop?

A

Hypercalcaemia occurring in association with a malignant neoplasm but without skeletal
metastases or primary hyperparathyroidism, possibly caused by the formation of parathyroid
hormone by non-parathyroid tumor tissue

125
Q

What does SOD do?

A

Super-Oxide-Dismutase = antioxidant enzyme, that catalase the dismutant (O2-)
2 O2- + 2 H-SOD “ H2O2 + O2

126
Q

What endocrine problem can cause PTH secretion

A

Parathyroid hyperplasia and adrenocarcinoma

127
Q

What is the esophageal reflex?

A 
Only in young ruminants, only for milk (water is not activating the reflex, so water enter the
rumen). Bypass reticulo-rumen
Influenced by:
-Reflex arch injury
-Sympathetic effect
-Nutritive factors
-ADH
-Thirst
-Copper, sulphate, sodium bicarbonate
-Milk protein content
128
Q

The most important ion in health problems

A

Na, Ca and K

129
Q

Vasopressin compared to ADH

A

Same

130
Q

Cows and their fatty liver disease

A

It is not a liver disease. cause: relative/absolute energy deficiency (Negative Energy Balance)

131
Q

What happens to the muscle when activation is decreased?

A

Muscle mass and muscle strength beginning to decrease

132
Q

What is true?

A

Secondary bile acids is the result from bacterial actions in the colon and conjugation of primary bile acids

133
Q

Part of the special gut mucosa

A

Prostaglandins (2)

134
Q

Hemolysis is caused by

A

Insulin overdose

135
Q

What is true

A

Bilirubin increase in haemolysis (prehepatic) phase and during liver damage (hepatic)

136
Q

What counts as a motor unit

A

Motor neuron, Skeletal muscle fiber, Terminal axon. All of them

137
Q

Hypertonic animal, what is correct

A

Hypertonia is the same effect like drinking sea water

138
Q

Constipation during obesity

A

Obese and little exercised animals have bigger chance of constipation

139
Q

What is false about tetany

A

The magnesium don’t play any part of it

140
Q

Necrosis which one is false

A

Requires a lot of energy

141
Q

Apoptosis which one is false

A

Takes a lot of time

142
Q

What is the homeostasis center located

A

Hypothalamus

143
Q

In diabetes mellitus

A

Polydipsia is cause of polyuria

144
Q

In eclampsy the ions

A

Ca plays an crucial role

145
Q

What is not correct

A

Vomiting is caused by a release of vasopressin

146
Q

Oxygen is a

A

Strong oxide due to 2 electrons with parallel spin

147
Q

The most important cation and ion inn anion balance are

A

Cl and Na/Ca and Na

148
Q

Tetanic convulsions

A

Decreased ionized Ca and also hypoglycaemia

149
Q

Which one does not lead to regenerative anaemia

A

Bracken fern toxicosis

150
Q

Hypernatremia is when the concentration lowers to

A

> 130

151
Q

The ration of ketone bodies

A

Milk 1, plasma 2-3, urine 4-5

152
Q

The nerve that effects horses mastication/seizing

A

7

153
Q

Hydrogen peroxide

A

It is not a free radical, but ROS

154
Q

Qualitative salivation problems are defined as

A

The bicarbonate molecules is missing (HCO3)

155
Q

Partuition paresis

A

Hypocalcaemia

156
Q

Released in acute stress

A

Catecolamines

157
Q

Congenital enteral disease

A

Milk and Flavor defect

158
Q

Observed in a fasting ruminants

A

Alkalosis (true: increase of saliva, increase pH)

-Increase in ketones (ketosis), decrease of motility, decrease of VFA

159
Q

What causes dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)

A

Megaosophagus

160
Q

What is false

A

Anaphylaxis

161
Q

Dalmatians regulate their hyperuricemia by

A

Increased excretion

162
Q

What is not a chewing problem

A

Megaosophagus

163
Q

Hypernatraemia can also be called

A

“Salt poisoning”

164
Q

What can cause alkalosis in ruminants

A

Increased protein intake, decreased carbohydrate intake

Pathophysio MCQ (1 decks)

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