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MCQ Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q 
Psychoactive drugs are chemicals that alter one’s:
Emotional state
Behavioural functioning
Mental condition
All above
A

All above

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2
Q 
Drugs such as morphine and heroin capable of relieving pain are known as 
Sedatives
Hallucinogens
Narcotics
MDMA
A

Narcotics

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3
Q 
Opiates such as morphine and heroin have the capacity to
Alleviate pain
Improve memory
Enhance sensory awareness
Do all above
A

Alleviate pain

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4
Q 
Heather is taking prescription drug to control back pain. She finds when taking drug she experiences short term drowsiness and nausea. It is likely that Heather's physician has prescribed her
Stimulant
Sedative
Hallucinogen
Narcotic
A

Narcotic

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5
Q 
Drug that depresses CNS activity is referred as
Hallucinogen
Sedative
Narcotic
Amphetamine
A

Sedative

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6
Q 
Alicia is taking a prescription drug to help treat narcolepsy. She finds that when taking drug she feels extremely restless and irritable and she loses her appetite. It is likely doctor prescribed:
Sedative
Stimulant
Narcotic
Hallucinogen
A

Stimulan

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7
Q 
Christopher taken a drug. Finds that his prescription are altered and he feels like his sensory awareness has increased. He has taken
LSD or mescaline
Morphine or heroin
Barbiturates and Quaaludes
Cocaine or amphetamines
A

LSD or mescaline

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8
Q

Amanda has been feeling extremely tired past 6 months, even though getting lots of sleep. Her chronic tiredness started to affect her job and her boss has threatened to fire her. Amanda asks doctor for something to give more energy.. Doctor prescribes:
Barbiturate
Narcotic
Hallucinogen an amphetamine

A

Hallucinogen an amphetamine

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9
Q 
Which drug does tolerance level develop most rapidly?
Cannabis
Sedatives
Alcohol
Hallucinogens
A

Sedatives

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10
Q 
Bryan finds where he used to need only one, now needs two or more sleeping pills to sleep. Indicative that bruan:
Using sleeping pills recreationally
Developed tolerance to sleeping pills
Become physically addicted
Become psychologically addicted
A

Developed tolerance to sleeping pills

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11
Q 
Which drug tends to produce tolerance most SLOWLY?
Narcotics
Stimulants
Sedatives
Alcohol
A

Alcohol

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12
Q

Dr Alexander has made new drug that works as stimulant. Likely drug will
Increase release of dopamine and norepinephrine
Decrease release of dopamine and norepinephrine
Block reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine
Enhance reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine

A

Increase release of dopamine and norepinephrine

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13
Q 
Progressive decrease in response to drug with repeated and prolonged use is called
.withdrawal
Habituation
Dependency
Tolerance
A

Tolerance

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14
Q 
Effects of amphetamines appear to be associated with what neurotransmitter system?
Serotonin and dopamine
Serotonins and norepinephrine
Norepinephrine and dopamine
GABA and norepinephrine
A

Norepinephrine and dopamine

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15
Q 
Rachel has been using non prescription drug on regular basis for several years. She has now developed liver disease and ulcers. She has been in 3 car accidents. Most likely that rachel is chronic user of
LSD
Marijuana
Sedatives
Alcohol
A

Alcohol

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16
Q 
Renee is experiencing distortions in her sensory and perceptual processing. Additionally she is exhibit paranoia, nausea, jumbled thought processes. Renee is most likely under influence of a 
Hallucinogen
Sedative
Narcotic
Stimulant
A

Hallucinogen

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17
Q

Bryan has been taking mild amphetamine for past 4 months to help cope with being full time student. Now wants to stop amphetamine but each time he tries to skip the medication he starts sweating and develops tremors. Appears that aaron has
Developed drug tolerance for amphetamines
Become amphetamine intolerant
Developed a physical dependance for amphetamines
Habituated to effects of amphetamines

A

Developed a physical dependance for amphetamines

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18
Q

Jasmine used to feel giddy and lightheaded after drinking single glass of wine. Now finds she can drink 3 before she feels giddy.
Has developed alcohol dependence
Is experiencing alcohol withdrawal
Has become alcohol intolerant
Has developed a drug tolerance for alcohol

A

Has developed a drug tolerance for alcohol

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19
Q 
Dr Mont has developed new drug that blocks reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine. This drug will
Sedative
Stimulant
Hallucinogen
Pain killer
A

Stimulant

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20
Q

HDL is known as “bad cholesterol’ T/F?

A

FALSE

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21
Q

Essential (primary) hypertension is characterised by chronic elevation in BP that results from disorder such as kidney disease. T/F?

A

FALSE

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22
Q

orthostatic or postural hypertension is an abnormal rise in BP that occurs when standing from supine position? T/ F?

A

false

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23
Q

____________________ with its associated risk for development of atherosclerosis is major cause of cardiovascular diseases.

A

hyperlipidemia

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24
Q

_______________ Phenomenon is a functional disorder caused by intense vasospasm of arteries and arterioles in fingers and less often in toes

A

Raynauds

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25
Q

The body uses neural mechanisms (baroreceptors and chemoreceptors ) and humoral mechanisms (renin- angiotensin- aldosterone mechanism and vasopressin) to effect the _______ short term regulation of BP which occurs over minutes or hours and is intended to correct temporary imbalance in BP

A

short

26
Q 
The physiological measure of choice for feedback to migraine patient is
EEG
BP
EMG
Skin temperature
A

Skin temperature

27
Q 
he basic process that occurs when self regulation of finger skin temperature is used to reduce high BP is
Dampening of SNS
Relaxation
Conditioning
Blood vessel constriction
A

Dampening of SNS

28
Q 
Strategy in EEG biofeedback to treat ADHD is to
Enhance 16-20 Hz and suppress 4-8 Hz
Enhance 4-8 Hz and supress 16-30 Hz
Enhance 12-15 Hz and suppress 4-7 Hz
Enhance 4-7 Hz and supress 16-20 Hz
A

Enhance 16-20 Hz and suppress 4-8 Hz

29
Q 
A brain wave occurring 8-13 Hz is referred to as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, localised in sensorimotor area
Kappa
Gamma
Klamda
Mu
A

Mu

30
Q 
Reduction of EmG levels in frontalis and splenius muscle through biofeedback has been helpful in ™ of
Tension headaches
Stuttering
Asthma
Epilepsy
A

Tension headaches

31
Q 
The body’s defensive reaction to invasion of bacteria, viral agents and other foreign subs is referred to as 
General adaptation syndrome
Immune response
Disease coping response
Body’s stress reaction
A

Immune response

32
Q 
he T lymphocyte are an important part of\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ immune response
The humeral
Cell mediated
Thyroid
thymus
A

Cell mediated

33
Q 
A patient presents at your clinic following a head trauma; admitting the patient is difficult as they are unable to understand what the receptionist is asking them to do, and their verbal responses don’t make sense. What condition is most likely?						
Broca’s Aphasia
Wernicke’s Aphasia
Dysarthria
Global Aphasia
Motor Aphasia
A

Wernicke’s Aphasia

34
Q

If you measured the activity of the cerebellum in a research study, what motor role are you intending to investigate?

Control of voluntary motor movement
Initiation of gross motor movement
Initiation of fine motor movement
Control of involuntary motor movement
None of the above
A

Control of voluntary motor movement

35
Q

You are currently researching the neuromuscular disorder Myasthenia Gravis using electromyography (EMG). You know it is mediated by a loss of acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction. What type of EMG recording are you likely to use?

Monopolar surface recording
Bipolar surface recording
Invasive needle recording
Single fibre recording
None of the above
A

Invasive needle recording

36
Q

An emergency department patient has presented with extreme blood loss following a motor cycle accident. What is the likely resultant change in this patient’s blood pressure?

An increase
A decrease
An increase followed by a decrease
No change
None of the above
A

An increase

A decrease

37
Q

Steven has been characterised as someone with a true Type A personality. With respect to his cardiovascular reactivity (CVR), what would you expect to see if he was required to complete a particularly challenging task?

Elevated CVR
Reduced CVR
Extremely elevated CVR
Extremely reduced CVR
No change in CVR
A

Elevated CVR

Extremely elevated CVR

38
Q

Francis has colour blindness, specifically Deuteranopia; if you were to record his visual ERP using a pattern formed using various blues and browns, what would you expect to see?

Only tiny brain stem potentials in this situation
Only beta activity in the occipital lobe
A normal visual ERP in this situation
Larger than expected visual ERPs in this situation
Smaller than usual visual ERPs in this situation

A

A normal visual ERP in this situation

39
Q

Imagine you are a clinical neurologist who uses visual event related potentials (ERP) in diagnosis. If a patient presented to you with possible Multiple sclerosis, which component of the ERP would you examine?

a. P1
b. N1-P1 c. N2
d. P100 e. P300

A

p100

40
Q

Frank is a 60 year old man who presents to your clinic with antero and retrograde memory deficits, as well as aphasia. A routine blood test determines that he has reduced serum Thiamine concentration. Which of the following conditions is most likely?

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
Frontotemporal Dementia
Huntington’s Disease
Multi-infarct Dementia
Alzheimer’s Disease
A

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

41
Q

Sam is a university student, who is close to finishing a major work. She has come to see you because she has been experiencing episodes of dyspnoea, hyperventilation, tachycardia and heart palpitations; a blood test reveals elevated serum noradrenaline. What is Sam most likely suffering?

Generalised Anxiety
Agoraphobia
PTSD
Panic Disorder
None of the above
A

Panic Disorder

42
Q

If a patient following a major trauma has presented with an elevated serum glucocorticoid concentration, in particular Cortisol. Which physiological system is mostly likely to have been activated?

Sympathetic Nervous System
The Limbic System
Renin-Angiotensin System
Hypothalamic-Neurohypophysealsystem
Hypothalamic-Pituitary Adrenal Axis
A

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Adrenal Axis

43
Q

Recently Steven has been putting in long hours into work and feels weary and that his work is becoming increasingly difficult. His doctor suspects Steven is fatigued and suggests performing an electroencephalogram; he finds activity in the frontocentral and posterior regions has slowed. Which phase of fatigue is Steven most likely in?

Arousal
Transitional
Post-transitional
Transitional–Post-transitional
Post-transitional - Arousal
A

Post-transitional

44
Q

You are provided spectral activity data from an electroencephalography (EEG) research study examining cognitive performance on a reading task. What results do you expect to see, based on existing literature?

More proficient individuals will have greater activity
More proficient individuals will have lesser activity
Less proficient individuals will have greater activity
Less proficient individuals will have lesser activity
None of the above

A

More proficient individuals will have lesser activity

45
Q

You are conducting a neurophysiological study focusing on brain activity during the stages of sleep. What is/are the frequency band/s of most interest to your research?

Theta & Mu
Delta&Alpha								
Mu & Alpha
Delta&Theta
Theta & Alpha
A

Delta&Theta

46
Q

A patient of yours is having issues associated with ventricular contraction; you order an electrocardiogram (ECG) to examine the electrical activity of their heart. What component of the ECG wave form will provide you the information you need?

P wave
QRScomplex
T wave
P-Q Segment
S-T segment
A

QRScomplex

47
Q

You are participating in a study that is investigating your perception and attention to detail; the researcher connects you to a heart rate monitor prior to the task. Based on your understanding of heart activity and perception, what change would you expect to see if you perform well?

Cardiac Deceleration
CardiacSyncope
Cardiac Acceleration
CardiacTamponade
No change in cardiac activity
A

Cardiac Acceleration

48
Q

Charlie is a patient of yours who has been diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); if you conducted an electroencephalogram (EEG) on Charlie whilst he was attempting a task, what changes in spectral EEG activity would you expect to see compared to non ADHD controls?

Increased Theta, and decreased Beta 1 activity
Decreased Beta 1, and increased Theta activity
Increased Beta 1, and decreased Beta 2 activity
Increased Beta 2, and decreased Theta activity
No changes in activity

A

Increased Theta, and decreased Beta 1 activity

49
Q

Imagine that you are a respiratory consultant, and have been provided protein assay results for a patient indicating that they have a reduction in alpha-1- antitrypsin, and an increase in elastase activity. What respiratory condition would you consider most likely?

a. Asthma
b. Asbestosis
c. Sarcoidosis
d. Emphysema
e. Adenocarcinoma

A

d. Emphysema

50
Q

If you were interested in measuring and evaluating wave 3 of the auditory brain stem potential, which part of the brain would you investigate?

a. Pons
b. Thalamus
c. Auditory Cortex
d. Medial Geniculate Nucleus
e. None of the above

A

Pons

51
Q

You are assessing skin conductance responses (SCR) in patients who had been diagnosed Prosopagnosia. What characteristics of the SCR would you expect to see if you displayed a familiar face to this patient?

a. Low Frequency and magnitude
b. High Frequency and magnitude
c. High Frequency and Low magnitude
d. Low Frequency and High magnitude
e. No response

A

High Frequency and magnitude

52
Q

You recently completed a study where you examined the orienting response (OR) as measured by skin conductance responses (SCRs). You first exposed participants to a novel auditory stimulus; and then asked participants to imagine the noise from the previous trial prior to hearing the noise a second time. Based on your understanding, what will happen to SCRs measured during the second trial?

They will be increased
They will be diminished
Increase in magnitude
No change in magnitude
None of the above
A

They will be diminished

53
Q

A Robertsonian translocation is a chromosomal structural abnormality that is confined to chromosomes ________.

7, 10, 13, 15, and 22
11, 14, 16, 20, and 22
13, 14, 15, 21, and 22
13, 15, 19, 21, and 22
14, 16, 17, 21, and 22
A

13, 14, 15, 21, and 22

54
Q

Cystic fibrosis is most commonly caused by a deletion of three nucleotides on chromosome ________ that comprise the codon for the amino acid ________.

5, Alanine
7, Phenylalanine
7, Alanine
5, Asparagine
7, Asparagine
A

7, Phenylalanine

55
Q

Marco is Greek tourist who has presented with a fractured femur, and ulcers on his lower legs. Preliminary tests demonstrate he has a reduction in liver function; and genetic testing revealed a mutation to chromosome 11. What genetic condition is most likely?

Haemophilia
αThalassaemia
Tay Sach’s Disease
Multiminicore Disease
β Thalassaemia
A

a thalassaemia - due to a deletion on chromosome 16
B thalassaemia - due to mutation on chromosome 11
Multiminicore disease: Due to recessive mutation in selenoprotein N (SEPN1) gene on chromosome 1p36 -

56
Q

If you were intending to implement an electroencephalogram (EEG) based biofeedback treatment program for a patient of yours who had been diagnosed with epilepsy. Which of the following frequency bands would you attempt to enhance?

1 – 5 Hz
3 – 7 Hz
7–Hz
12 – 15 Hz

A

12 – 15 Hz

–
The sensory motor rhythm (SMR), 12-16 Hz activity is prominent over the sensory motor cortex
Increased SMR may be delay onset of seizures.

57
Q

Jess is a 27 year old patient, who has presented to the emergency department with a core body temperature of 40 °C. She is delirious and consistently lapsing in and out of consciousness, and exhibits signs of rhabdomyolysis. What is she most likely suffering from?

Heat Exhaustion
Exertional Heat stroke
Hypothermia
Classical Heat stroke
None of the above
A

Heat Stroke
Two forms:
Classical:- env heat stress that overwhelms an impaired thermoregulatory system (usually chronic disease patients)
Exertional: high metabolic heat production usually in younger patients, physically fit and active (athletes, defence personnel)
- Exertional heat stroke is frequently associated with rhabdomyolysis, hepatic and renal injury, clotting disturbances
Diagnostic criteria:
– rectal core temp > 41.3C, hot dry skin, coma, in classical
– exertional patients may have somewhat lower core temp, but sweat profusely

58
Q 
Rachael is a 31 year old patient who, due to previous illness, exhibits a marked reduction in her natural oestrogen levels. Which of the following is a likely outcome with regards to her bone density?
Low cortical bones mass 
High trabecula bone mass 
High cortical bone mass 
Low trabecula bone mass 
None of the above
A

Low trabecula bone mass

59
Q

If an obstetrician was using near-infrared Spectroscopy (NIR) to examine a
newborn infant, what would they be looking for symptoms of?

Hypoxia
Brain damage
Haematoma
Meningeal tears
Haemorrhage
A

Brain damage

60
Q

A colleague provides you a whole brain fMRI from a study they conducted that involved participants viewing photographs displaying emotions. The fMRI displays activity in the insula, and the occipito-temporal cortex among other regions. What emotion is most likely to have been associated with the photograph that elicited this response?

a. Fear
b. Happiness
c. Sadness
d. Anger
e. Disgust

A

e. Disgust

61
Q

You are examining the immune function of cancer patients following a relaxation techniques training course. Based on your understanding, which of the following changes would you expect to see?

Increased NK cell activity
Decrease IgG activity
Increased IgQ activity
Decreased IgA activity
Decreased NK cell activity
A

Increased NK cell activity

Medical and Applied Physiology (14 decks)

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