MCQ 2 Flashcards
What is arabinose a constituent of?
Silage
Which is the main storage form of carbohydrates in plants?
Starch
Which is the main storage form of carbohydrates in mammals?
Glycogen
What are the 3 elements that make up glucose?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
What area produces the most VFA in pigs?
Colon
What is a carbohydrate?
A biomolecule composed entirely of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
What nutrient is the body’s most available source of energy?
Carbohydrates
What is an important symptom of chlorine deficiency?
Alkalosis of blood
What is NOT an important function of potassium in the animals body?
Component of cell membranes
What best describes fat metabolism in the rumen?
Fats are broken down into glycerol and free fatty acids, any poly-unsaturated fatty acids are bio-hydrogenated and glycerol is fermented to VFA’s
What is the threshold inclusion level to differentiate between a major and a trace element?
100 mg/kg DM
Which of the following is the most accurate measurement of the energy content of a feedstuff for ruminant animals?
Metabolizable energy
What is the unique function of iron in the animals body?
Component of haemoglobin
What best describes minerals?
Inorganic substances required in small amount for normal growth and maintenance of life
Digestible energy content of the diet is estimated by subtracting which measurement from gross energy?
Faecal energy
What material is involved in the make up of amino acids methionine, cysteine and cystine?
Sulpher
What is the unique function of iron in the animals body?
Component of haemoglobin
What is NOT an appropriate Magnesium supplementation strategy for suckler cows?
Flank painting magnesium
Which of the following is NOT an important function of potassium in the animals body?
Component of cell membranes
If a cow ate 9kg of hay containing 8kg of dry matter and excreted 3kg of dry matter in its faeces, the digestibility of the hay dry matter (%) would be?
62.5
What best describes minerals?
Inorganic substances required in small amounts for normal growth and maintenance of life
What best describes fat metabolism in the rumen?
Fats are broken down into glycerol and free fatty acids, any poly-unsaturated fatty acids are bio-hydrogenated and glycerol is fermented to VFA’s
When considering appropriate calcium and magnesium supplements for inclusion in ruminant diets, what is correct?
Cal Mag contains no calcium
What is the most accurate measurement of the energy content of a feedstuff for ruminant animals?
Metabolizable energy
Pigs result in mulberry heart disease
and liver necrosis have a deficiency in what?
Selenium deficiency
What’s wrong with piglets that have a pale white skin colour?
Iron trace deficiency
How much Iodine is in calcium iodate?
63.5%
How much Iodine is in potassium iodide?
68.5%
Pigs and Chickens on the farm have an enlargement of the thyroid gland what deficiency do they have?
Iodine deficiency
A number of pigs on the farm have been identified with a hardening of the skin and lesions what are they deficient in?
Zinc deficiency
What is parakeratosis a result of?
Zinc deficiency, Parakeratosis is associated
with poor growth rate and impaired feed efficiency
Depressed appetite, tail biting in pigs is a deficiency symptom of?
Sodium
Effect of Ca:P ratio on P digestibility
Generally in the range of 1:1 to
2:1
A major issue with producing dairy cows, immediately following calving with symptoms including excitability, nervousness and progress to the being unable to stand. What is the deficiency?
Calcium
Cows at pasture during spring seem nervous with many presenting with twitching muscles and a staggering gait. What is the deficiency?
Magnesium
What 3 needs satisfy an adequate diet?
Fuel, Organic raw material for biosynthesis, essential nutrients
What activities does an animal need nutrients for?
Maintenance, Foetal growth, movement, milk/wool production, growth
List 6 nutrients required by an animal:
1- Amino acids
2- Energy
3- Fatty Acids
4- Minerals
5- Vitamins
6- Water
What is a maintenance?
It is the energy needed for vital functions, regardless of production (heart muscles need energy to contract)
What’s the difference between food and nutrients?
Food- edible material
Nutrients- specific compounds of food, which can be utilised
How are CHO / protein digested in a ruminant animal?
Microbial fermentation
How is CHO broken down?
VFA’s
How is protein broken down?
Microbial fermentation
Digestible energy is frequently used in the rationing of monogastric animals because the breakdown of carbohydrates in their system produces only negotiable quantities of which compound?
Methane
What is NOT a potential destination for ammonia absorbed from the rumen?
Converted to urea and recycled into the rumen via saliva
Which volatile fatty acid is produced in greatest abundance as a consequence of bacterial fermentation in the monogastric large intestine?
Propionic
What happens if swine animals have a zinc deficiency?
They get parakeratosis syndrome- associated with poor growth rate impaired feed efficiency
What are high levels of zinc effective in controlling?
E.coli and scours
What does parakeratosis in swine, chicks, calves and pigs cause?
Lesions on the skin
What causes deficiency in Zinc or inadequate absorption of zinc?
Excess calcium
What is copper essential for and what does a deficiency of it lead to?
Formation of red blood cells,
Anaemia
What does copper deficiency effect the absorption of?
Iron
Who’s diet is copper always supplemented in and how much do they get?
Pigs
6-12ppm
What’s sway back in lambs a cause of?
Copper deficiency
What animals are most susceptible to copper poisoning?
Outdoor sheep
What does an iodine deficiency lead to?
Goitre
-enlargement of the thyroid gland
What does goitre cause?
Reproductive failure, birth of weak/dead, hairless piglets
What is Iron a component of and what is iron required to help with?
-Component of haemoglobin in the blood
-Helps the blood transport oxygen from the lungs to the body
Iron deficiency symptoms
-Pale, white skin
-Poor appetite
-Growth lethargy
-Poor vigour
What animals require a lot of iron and why?
Neonatal pigs
-Grow v rapidly
If an iron injection causes mortality in pigs what where they most likely suffering from?
-Vit E deficiency
-Selenium Deficiency
What does selenium do for the body?
Protects against breakdown of cell membranes and works with Vit E
What can selenium deficiency of pigs result in?
Mulberry heart disease and liver necrosis
What’s dangerous about selenium
Difference between required and toxic is so small
What’s the
-Required range of selenium and
-Toxic range of it?
0.1-0.3ppm=required
0.7ppm=toxic
(25 times the requirement)
Name the 5 things selenium deficiency causes in animals?
-White muscle disease cattle
-Ill thrifting lambs, cattle, cows
-Hatchability and egg production
-Stiff lamb disease
-Liver necrosis
What is manganese an activator of?
Enzymes i.e.
-hydrolases
-kinases
List 6 manganese deficiency’s ?
1- Retarded growth
2- Skeletal abnormalities
3- Slipped tendons in poultry
4- Impaired reproduction
5- Testicular reproduction
6- Defective ovulation
What type of animals have higher requirements of cobalt and what?
Ruminants,
Due to ineffective production of micro organisms and it being poorly absorbed from the GI
Name the vit that contains cobalt?
B12
Why is cobalt required in MO in rumen?
Synthesize B12
What does a cobalt deficiency look like in cattle and sheep?
-emaciation
-anaemia
-listleness
What is the cause of mulberry heart disease?
-Vit E deficiency
-Selenium deficiency
-High fat diet
What do minerals make up of inclusion rate?
2.5%
What happens in body if there is an excess of cations?
Alkalosis
If the pH of blood rises what happens?
Alkalosis
If the pH of the blood drops what happens?
Acidosis
Name the compartment for metabolic activities?
Long term storage- kidneys
What decreases the absorption of minerals?
Oxalate and Phytate
What is Oxalate?
Found in brassicas, prevents absorption of most calcium
What is Phytate?
A form of phosphorus in most plants, it makes it poorley available
What level are macro or major minerals present in the body tissues?
At concentrations of >50mg/kg (50ppm)
Why are chelated minerals so good?
increased metabolism of the mineral
Chelated- definition
Cyclic compound that forms between an organic molecule and metallic ion
What’s so AMAZING?!?! about chelates?
They’ve a greater absorbability then inorganic sources
List Chelates (7)
-Amino acids
-Polysaccharides
-Proteinases
-Chlorophylls
-Cytochrome
-Haemoglobin
-Vit B12
What’s the ratio of Calcium to phosphorus?
2:1
What’s the ratio of Calcium to phosphorus for a laying hen?
13:1
What % of calcium and phosphorus does our bones have?
-Calcium 36%
-Phosphorus 17%
List 4 effects of calcium deficiencies?
1- Rickets
2- Osteomalacia
3- Milk Fever
4- Weak egg Shells
What is Osteoporosis?
Lesions of mature bones following the removal of much of the mineral content of the bones
What animals does osteoporosis often occur?
Prolific sows that mobilise minerals for high milk production
When does milk fever occur?
Immediately or up to 3-4 days after farrowing
What animals are most susceptible to milk fever?
Older sows
What’s the treatment for milk fever?
Calcium gluconate
What % of phosphorus is contained in the skeletal system?
80%
What % of phosphorus is available for the use by pigs/chicken in cereals and oilseed meals?
20-40%
Who’s diets is phytase majorly used in?
Pigs and poultry diets
What does the ratio of calcium to phosphorus need to be close to in order for phytase to work?
Close to 1:1
What’s the max you can give a pig of restricted added salt?
0.5%
What amount of chloride is standard practice in swine diets?
0.3% to 0.5% in swine diet formula
What’s a pigs chloride requirement?
0.15%
What does a practical diet% of potassium contain?
1 %
How many minerals are considered essential?
40
What amount is calcium required in?
small amounts- 1% of 10g/kg
(in laying hens is 3%)
How much Calcium is required for a lactating cow?
7.5g/kg DM
What is the calcium/phosphorus ratio?
1:1 to 2:1
What plays an important role in phosphorus metabolism?
Vit D
Whats phosphorus used for?
energy metabolism
What’s the most prevalent deficiency thorough out the world and why?
Phosphorus- as forages have a poor source of it.
What mineral is closely associated with phosphorus and calcium?
Magnesium
What % of magnesium is bone?
70%
What does magnesium deficiency lead to in some animals?
Grass tetany also known as hypomagnesaemia tetany
What’s grass tetany associated with?
low blood magnesium
What’s the treatment of grass tetany?
Sub-cutaneous injection of Mg salts cues symptoms but preventative measures need to be sought
Whats the preventative measures of grass tetany?
Magnesium oxide in concentrate
Where is sodium, potassium and chlorine found in the body?
Soft tissues and body fluids
What can high levels of potassium interfere with?
absorption of mg
Where is sulphur found in the body?
in proteins
Whats rumen degradable N:S ratio?
14:1
what’s the best source of sulphur for ruminants?
Sodium sulphate
What animals usually have iron deficiency problems?
Young animals
Whats the units associated with energy?
MJ/kg
Whats the 2 simple systems used to predict energy?
1- Energy supply from feed
2- Animal energy requirements
What measures gross energy?
Bomb calorimeter (MJ/kg)
Whats most foods gross energy content of?
18.4MJ/kg
Name the energy we use in Ireland
Digestible energy
In pigs and poultry what is the higher efficiency feed?
Starch- 100%
List the 3 volatile fatty acids?
1- Acetic acid
2- Propionic Acid
3- Butyric acid
What does non ruminant (poultry) base their energy on?
(Faeces and urine excreted together)
Metabolism energy
How do we calculate energy digestion?
(energy intake-energy out)/energy intake
list structural carbohydrates
-hemicellulose
-cellulose
What are proteins made up of?
organic compounds made up of amino acids
list the fat soluble vitamins
A
D
E
K
List the water soluble vitamins
B
C
How do you calculate the dry mater %of feeds?
100 - moisture %
What the moisture content of leafy succulent roughages?
80%
Whats the moisture content of green grass?
75%
What is the moisture content of Hays?
12-14%
Whats the moisture content of straws?
10%
Whats the moisture content of concentrates?
10%
What are AIR- DRIED feeds?
Feeds containing 10% moisture
What is the definition of ASH?
The residue from burning any biological material in a furnace for more than 5 hours at 550 degrees
How is organic matter calculated?
Ash% - dry matter
What is crude protein?
any compound that contains nitrogen as this is how its measured
How to calculate the crude protein of something?
N x 6.25 (N= nitrogen %)
What % of nitrogen does protein contain?
16%
Whats crude fibre composed of?
carbohydrates
Feeds with high crude fibre content tend to be what?
poorly digested and have low energy contents
what animals digest fibre well?
ruminents
Whats the cell wall composed of?
cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin
NDF
Natural Detergent Fibre
ADF
Acid detergent fibre
ADL
Acid detergent lignin
Where does energy from grass come primarily from?
Sugar and fibre content
Whats the ideal grass to maximise performance?
leafy grass
Whats the energy content of leafy fresh spring grass?
1.05 UFL/kg DM
NFE
Nitrogen free extractives
How do we measure feed digestibility%?
feed intake-faeces output/feed intake x 100
DOMD
digestible OM in the DM
whats the sacco degradibility technique?
commonly used procedure to measure protein supply to ruminants
What enzyme supplementation should be given to barley for poulty?
beta-glucanase
what enzyme supplementation should be given to pigs?
phytase
The use of additional fat is important in whose diet?
Monogastrics
What are fats made up of?
esters
Name the structure of a fat
triglyceride - 3 fatty acids and glycerol
What is different about saturated acids?
lower meltin points
Name 2 essential fatty acids
1- Linoleic
2- Linolenic
What animals have high amounts of oilseed residues?
pigs and poultry
What are the PUFA’s grouped into families called?
Omega9
Omega6
Omega3
Whats a galactolipid
The lipids of grasses and clovers
Name a precursor of many sterols?
cholesterol
List 4 properties of fat
1- Hydrolysis
2- Oxidation
3- Hydrogeneration
4- Antioxidants
Name a naturally occurring antioxidant
Vit E
Name a N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid?
Omega 3 fatty acids
Where are fats digested in monogastric?
Small intestine, fatty acids to bile salts
What % of lipids do cattle have in their diet?
2-4%
Where are triglygcerolides hydrolysed in dairy cows?
In rumen by bacterial lipases
Whats the normal lipid content of ruminants diet?
low 50g/kg
PUFA
polyunsaturated fatty acids
What fraction of fat in milk is derived from the uptake of FA
half the fat in milk
Whats the gross energy value of carbohydrates?
17.5 MJ GE/kg
Whats the gross energy value of proteins?
23.6 MJ GE/kg
Whats the gross energy value of fats?
39.3 MJ GE/kg
What are galactolipids a major lipid class in?
Forages
The nutritional value of the grass declines in conjunction with an increase in what fibre type?
Lignin
What is a Phytate?
A source of phosphorus found in cereal grains that is indigestible by a non-ruminant animal through the action of its own enzymes
How would you best describe fat metabolism in the rumen?
Fats are broken down into glycerol and free fatty acids, any poly unsaturated fatty acids are bio-hydrogenated and glycerol is fermented to VFA’s
Digestible energy is frequently used in the rationing of monogastric animals because of the breakdown of carbohydrates in their system produces only negligible quantities of what compound?
Methane
Whats the unique function of iron in the animals body?
Component of haemoglobin
What is not an important function of potassium in an animals body?
Component of cell membranes
If a cow ate 9kg of hay containing a KG of dry matter and excreted 3KG dry matter in its faeces , the digestibility of the HAY dry matter (%) would be what?
62.5
What is an important symptom of chlorine deficiency?
Alkalosis of blood
What is the threshold inclusion level to differentiate between major and a trace element?
100mg/kg DM
When considering appropriate calcium and magnesium supplements for inclusion in ruminants diets what statement is correct?
CAL MAG CONTAINS NO CALCIUM
Pigs and chickens on a farm have enlargement of the thyroid gland?
Iodine deficiency
A number of pigs across different growth stages have been identifies with hardening of the skin and lesions?
Zinc deficiency
You go into a farm and you encounter a number of animals have removed paint, chewed wooden posts?
Phosphorus deficiency
you are a pig farmer and have identified a number of cases where piglets of 6-8 weeks old present with issues standing, with a particular weakness in the hind legs?
Copper deficiency
Piglets are lethargic and have pale white colour skin?
Iron deficiency
List the trace elements(6)
-Fe
-Cu
-Co
-I
-Zn
-Se
what is linoleic acid?
omega 6
N:S ratio
10:1
