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Animal Nutrition 1 MCQ 2 > MCQ 2 > Flashcards

MCQ 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is arabinose a constituent of?

A

Silage

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2
Q

Which is the main storage form of carbohydrates in plants?

A

Starch

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3
Q

Which is the main storage form of carbohydrates in mammals?

A

Glycogen

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4
Q

What are the 3 elements that make up glucose?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

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5
Q

What area produces the most VFA in pigs?

A

Colon

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6
Q

What is a carbohydrate?

A

A biomolecule composed entirely of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

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7
Q

What nutrient is the body’s most available source of energy?

A

Carbohydrates

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8
Q

What is an important symptom of chlorine deficiency?

A

Alkalosis of blood

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9
Q

What is NOT an important function of potassium in the animals body?

A

Component of cell membranes

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10
Q

What best describes fat metabolism in the rumen?

A

Fats are broken down into glycerol and free fatty acids, any poly-unsaturated fatty acids are bio-hydrogenated and glycerol is fermented to VFA’s

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11
Q

What is the threshold inclusion level to differentiate between a major and a trace element?

A

100 mg/kg DM

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12
Q

Which of the following is the most accurate measurement of the energy content of a feedstuff for ruminant animals?

A

Metabolizable energy

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13
Q

What is the unique function of iron in the animals body?

A

Component of haemoglobin

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14
Q

What best describes minerals?

A

Inorganic substances required in small amount for normal growth and maintenance of life

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15
Q

Digestible energy content of the diet is estimated by subtracting which measurement from gross energy?

A

Faecal energy

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16
Q

What material is involved in the make up of amino acids methionine, cysteine and cystine?

A

Sulpher

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17
Q

What is the unique function of iron in the animals body?

A

Component of haemoglobin

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18
Q

What is NOT an appropriate Magnesium supplementation strategy for suckler cows?

A

Flank painting magnesium

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19
Q

Which of the following is NOT an important function of potassium in the animals body?

A

Component of cell membranes

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20
Q

If a cow ate 9kg of hay containing 8kg of dry matter and excreted 3kg of dry matter in its faeces, the digestibility of the hay dry matter (%) would be?

A

62.5

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21
Q

What best describes minerals?

A

Inorganic substances required in small amounts for normal growth and maintenance of life

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22
Q

What best describes fat metabolism in the rumen?

A

Fats are broken down into glycerol and free fatty acids, any poly-unsaturated fatty acids are bio-hydrogenated and glycerol is fermented to VFA’s

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23
Q

When considering appropriate calcium and magnesium supplements for inclusion in ruminant diets, what is correct?

A

Cal Mag contains no calcium

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24
Q

What is the most accurate measurement of the energy content of a feedstuff for ruminant animals?

A

Metabolizable energy

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25
Q

Pigs result in mulberry heart disease
and liver necrosis have a deficiency in what?

A

Selenium deficiency

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26
Q

What’s wrong with piglets that have a pale white skin colour?

A

Iron trace deficiency

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27
Q

How much Iodine is in calcium iodate?

A

63.5%

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28
Q

How much Iodine is in potassium iodide?

A

68.5%

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29
Q

Pigs and Chickens on the farm have an enlargement of the thyroid gland what deficiency do they have?

A

Iodine deficiency

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30
Q

A number of pigs on the farm have been identified with a hardening of the skin and lesions what are they deficient in?

A

Zinc deficiency

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31
Q

What is parakeratosis a result of?

A

Zinc deficiency, Parakeratosis is associated
with poor growth rate and impaired feed efficiency

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32
Q

Depressed appetite, tail biting in pigs is a deficiency symptom of?

A

Sodium

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33
Q

Effect of Ca:P ratio on P digestibility

A

Generally in the range of 1:1 to
2:1

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34
Q

A major issue with producing dairy cows, immediately following calving with symptoms including excitability, nervousness and progress to the being unable to stand. What is the deficiency?

A

Calcium

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35
Q

Cows at pasture during spring seem nervous with many presenting with twitching muscles and a staggering gait. What is the deficiency?

A

Magnesium

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36
Q

What 3 needs satisfy an adequate diet?

A

Fuel, Organic raw material for biosynthesis, essential nutrients

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37
Q

What activities does an animal need nutrients for?

A

Maintenance, Foetal growth, movement, milk/wool production, growth

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38
Q

List 6 nutrients required by an animal:

A

1- Amino acids
2- Energy
3- Fatty Acids
4- Minerals
5- Vitamins
6- Water

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39
Q

What is a maintenance?

A

It is the energy needed for vital functions, regardless of production (heart muscles need energy to contract)

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40
Q

What’s the difference between food and nutrients?

A

Food- edible material
Nutrients- specific compounds of food, which can be utilised

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41
Q

How are CHO / protein digested in a ruminant animal?

A

Microbial fermentation

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42
Q

How is CHO broken down?

A

VFA’s

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43
Q

How is protein broken down?

A

Microbial fermentation

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44
Q

Digestible energy is frequently used in the rationing of monogastric animals because the breakdown of carbohydrates in their system produces only negotiable quantities of which compound?

A

Methane

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45
Q

What is NOT a potential destination for ammonia absorbed from the rumen?

A

Converted to urea and recycled into the rumen via saliva

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46
Q

Which volatile fatty acid is produced in greatest abundance as a consequence of bacterial fermentation in the monogastric large intestine?

A

Propionic

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47
Q

What happens if swine animals have a zinc deficiency?

A

They get parakeratosis syndrome- associated with poor growth rate impaired feed efficiency

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48
Q

What are high levels of zinc effective in controlling?

A

E.coli and scours

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49
Q

What does parakeratosis in swine, chicks, calves and pigs cause?

A

Lesions on the skin

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50
Q

What causes deficiency in Zinc or inadequate absorption of zinc?

A

Excess calcium

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51
Q

What is copper essential for and what does a deficiency of it lead to?

A

Formation of red blood cells,
Anaemia

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52
Q

What does copper deficiency effect the absorption of?

A

Iron

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53
Q

Who’s diet is copper always supplemented in and how much do they get?

A

Pigs
6-12ppm

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54
Q

What’s sway back in lambs a cause of?

A

Copper deficiency

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55
Q

What animals are most susceptible to copper poisoning?

A

Outdoor sheep

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56
Q

What does an iodine deficiency lead to?

A

Goitre
-enlargement of the thyroid gland

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57
Q

What does goitre cause?

A

Reproductive failure, birth of weak/dead, hairless piglets

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58
Q

What is Iron a component of and what is iron required to help with?

A

-Component of haemoglobin in the blood
-Helps the blood transport oxygen from the lungs to the body

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59
Q

Iron deficiency symptoms

A

-Pale, white skin
-Poor appetite
-Growth lethargy
-Poor vigour

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60
Q

What animals require a lot of iron and why?

A

Neonatal pigs
-Grow v rapidly

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61
Q

If an iron injection causes mortality in pigs what where they most likely suffering from?

A

-Vit E deficiency
-Selenium Deficiency

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62
Q

What does selenium do for the body?

A

Protects against breakdown of cell membranes and works with Vit E

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63
Q

What can selenium deficiency of pigs result in?

A

Mulberry heart disease and liver necrosis

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64
Q

What’s dangerous about selenium

A

Difference between required and toxic is so small

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65
Q

What’s the
-Required range of selenium and
-Toxic range of it?

A

0.1-0.3ppm=required
0.7ppm=toxic
(25 times the requirement)

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66
Q

Name the 5 things selenium deficiency causes in animals?

A

-White muscle disease cattle
-Ill thrifting lambs, cattle, cows
-Hatchability and egg production
-Stiff lamb disease
-Liver necrosis

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67
Q

What is manganese an activator of?

A

Enzymes i.e.
-hydrolases
-kinases

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68
Q

List 6 manganese deficiency’s ?

A

1- Retarded growth
2- Skeletal abnormalities
3- Slipped tendons in poultry
4- Impaired reproduction
5- Testicular reproduction
6- Defective ovulation

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69
Q

What type of animals have higher requirements of cobalt and what?

A

Ruminants,
Due to ineffective production of micro organisms and it being poorly absorbed from the GI

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70
Q

Name the vit that contains cobalt?

A

B12

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71
Q

Why is cobalt required in MO in rumen?

A

Synthesize B12

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72
Q

What does a cobalt deficiency look like in cattle and sheep?

A

-emaciation
-anaemia
-listleness

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73
Q

What is the cause of mulberry heart disease?

A

-Vit E deficiency
-Selenium deficiency
-High fat diet

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74
Q

What do minerals make up of inclusion rate?

A

2.5%

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75
Q

What happens in body if there is an excess of cations?

A

Alkalosis

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76
Q

If the pH of blood rises what happens?

A

Alkalosis

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77
Q

If the pH of the blood drops what happens?

A

Acidosis

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78
Q

Name the compartment for metabolic activities?

A

Long term storage- kidneys

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79
Q

What decreases the absorption of minerals?

A

Oxalate and Phytate

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80
Q

What is Oxalate?

A

Found in brassicas, prevents absorption of most calcium

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81
Q

What is Phytate?

A

A form of phosphorus in most plants, it makes it poorley available

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82
Q

What level are macro or major minerals present in the body tissues?

A

At concentrations of >50mg/kg (50ppm)

83
Q

Why are chelated minerals so good?

A

increased metabolism of the mineral

84
Q

Chelated- definition

A

Cyclic compound that forms between an organic molecule and metallic ion

85
Q

What’s so AMAZING?!?! about chelates?

A

They’ve a greater absorbability then inorganic sources

86
Q

List Chelates (7)

A

-Amino acids
-Polysaccharides
-Proteinases
-Chlorophylls
-Cytochrome
-Haemoglobin
-Vit B12

87
Q

What’s the ratio of Calcium to phosphorus?

A

2:1

88
Q

What’s the ratio of Calcium to phosphorus for a laying hen?

A

13:1

89
Q

What % of calcium and phosphorus does our bones have?

A

-Calcium 36%
-Phosphorus 17%

90
Q

List 4 effects of calcium deficiencies?

A

1- Rickets
2- Osteomalacia
3- Milk Fever
4- Weak egg Shells

91
Q

What is Osteoporosis?

A

Lesions of mature bones following the removal of much of the mineral content of the bones

92
Q

What animals does osteoporosis often occur?

A

Prolific sows that mobilise minerals for high milk production

93
Q

When does milk fever occur?

A

Immediately or up to 3-4 days after farrowing

94
Q

What animals are most susceptible to milk fever?

A

Older sows

95
Q

What’s the treatment for milk fever?

A

Calcium gluconate

96
Q

What % of phosphorus is contained in the skeletal system?

A

80%

97
Q

What % of phosphorus is available for the use by pigs/chicken in cereals and oilseed meals?

A

20-40%

98
Q

Who’s diets is phytase majorly used in?

A

Pigs and poultry diets

99
Q

What does the ratio of calcium to phosphorus need to be close to in order for phytase to work?

A

Close to 1:1

100
Q

What’s the max you can give a pig of restricted added salt?

A

0.5%

101
Q

What amount of chloride is standard practice in swine diets?

A

0.3% to 0.5% in swine diet formula

102
Q

What’s a pigs chloride requirement?

A

0.15%

103
Q

What does a practical diet% of potassium contain?

A

1 %

104
Q

How many minerals are considered essential?

A

40

105
Q

What amount is calcium required in?

A

small amounts- 1% of 10g/kg
(in laying hens is 3%)

106
Q

How much Calcium is required for a lactating cow?

A

7.5g/kg DM

107
Q

What is the calcium/phosphorus ratio?

A

1:1 to 2:1

108
Q

What plays an important role in phosphorus metabolism?

A

Vit D

109
Q

Whats phosphorus used for?

A

energy metabolism

110
Q

What’s the most prevalent deficiency thorough out the world and why?

A

Phosphorus- as forages have a poor source of it.

111
Q

What mineral is closely associated with phosphorus and calcium?

A

Magnesium

112
Q

What % of magnesium is bone?

A

70%

113
Q

What does magnesium deficiency lead to in some animals?

A

Grass tetany also known as hypomagnesaemia tetany

114
Q

What’s grass tetany associated with?

A

low blood magnesium

115
Q

What’s the treatment of grass tetany?

A

Sub-cutaneous injection of Mg salts cues symptoms but preventative measures need to be sought

116
Q

Whats the preventative measures of grass tetany?

A

Magnesium oxide in concentrate

117
Q

Where is sodium, potassium and chlorine found in the body?

A

Soft tissues and body fluids

118
Q

What can high levels of potassium interfere with?

A

absorption of mg

119
Q

Where is sulphur found in the body?

A

in proteins

120
Q

Whats rumen degradable N:S ratio?

A

14:1

121
Q

what’s the best source of sulphur for ruminants?

A

Sodium sulphate

122
Q

What animals usually have iron deficiency problems?

A

Young animals

123
Q

Whats the units associated with energy?

A

MJ/kg

124
Q

Whats the 2 simple systems used to predict energy?

A

1- Energy supply from feed
2- Animal energy requirements

125
Q

What measures gross energy?

A

Bomb calorimeter (MJ/kg)

126
Q

Whats most foods gross energy content of?

A

18.4MJ/kg

127
Q

Name the energy we use in Ireland

A

Digestible energy

128
Q

In pigs and poultry what is the higher efficiency feed?

A

Starch- 100%

129
Q

List the 3 volatile fatty acids?

A

1- Acetic acid
2- Propionic Acid
3- Butyric acid

130
Q

What does non ruminant (poultry) base their energy on?

A

(Faeces and urine excreted together)
Metabolism energy

131
Q

How do we calculate energy digestion?

A

(energy intake-energy out)/energy intake

132
Q

list structural carbohydrates

A

-hemicellulose
-cellulose

133
Q

What are proteins made up of?

A

organic compounds made up of amino acids

134
Q

list the fat soluble vitamins

A

A
D
E
K

135
Q

List the water soluble vitamins

A

B
C

136
Q

How do you calculate the dry mater %of feeds?

A

100 - moisture %

137
Q

What the moisture content of leafy succulent roughages?

A

80%

138
Q

Whats the moisture content of green grass?

A

75%

139
Q

What is the moisture content of Hays?

A

12-14%

140
Q

Whats the moisture content of straws?

A

10%

141
Q

Whats the moisture content of concentrates?

A

10%

142
Q

What are AIR- DRIED feeds?

A

Feeds containing 10% moisture

143
Q

What is the definition of ASH?

A

The residue from burning any biological material in a furnace for more than 5 hours at 550 degrees

144
Q

How is organic matter calculated?

A

Ash% - dry matter

145
Q

What is crude protein?

A

any compound that contains nitrogen as this is how its measured

146
Q

How to calculate the crude protein of something?

A

N x 6.25 (N= nitrogen %)

147
Q

What % of nitrogen does protein contain?

A

16%

148
Q

Whats crude fibre composed of?

A

carbohydrates

149
Q

Feeds with high crude fibre content tend to be what?

A

poorly digested and have low energy contents

150
Q

what animals digest fibre well?

A

ruminents

151
Q

Whats the cell wall composed of?

A

cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin

152
Q

NDF

A

Natural Detergent Fibre

153
Q

ADF

A

Acid detergent fibre

154
Q

ADL

A

Acid detergent lignin

155
Q

Where does energy from grass come primarily from?

A

Sugar and fibre content

156
Q

Whats the ideal grass to maximise performance?

A

leafy grass

157
Q

Whats the energy content of leafy fresh spring grass?

A

1.05 UFL/kg DM

158
Q

NFE

A

Nitrogen free extractives

159
Q

How do we measure feed digestibility%?

A

feed intake-faeces output/feed intake x 100

160
Q

DOMD

A

digestible OM in the DM

161
Q

whats the sacco degradibility technique?

A

commonly used procedure to measure protein supply to ruminants

162
Q

What enzyme supplementation should be given to barley for poulty?

A

beta-glucanase

163
Q

what enzyme supplementation should be given to pigs?

A

phytase

164
Q

The use of additional fat is important in whose diet?

A

Monogastrics

165
Q

What are fats made up of?

A

esters

166
Q

Name the structure of a fat

A

triglyceride - 3 fatty acids and glycerol

167
Q

What is different about saturated acids?

A

lower meltin points

168
Q

Name 2 essential fatty acids

A

1- Linoleic
2- Linolenic

169
Q

What animals have high amounts of oilseed residues?

A

pigs and poultry

170
Q

What are the PUFA’s grouped into families called?

A

Omega9
Omega6
Omega3

171
Q

Whats a galactolipid

A

The lipids of grasses and clovers

172
Q

Name a precursor of many sterols?

A

cholesterol

173
Q

List 4 properties of fat

A

1- Hydrolysis
2- Oxidation
3- Hydrogeneration
4- Antioxidants

174
Q

Name a naturally occurring antioxidant

A

Vit E

175
Q

Name a N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid?

A

Omega 3 fatty acids

176
Q

Where are fats digested in monogastric?

A

Small intestine, fatty acids to bile salts

177
Q

What % of lipids do cattle have in their diet?

A

2-4%

178
Q

Where are triglygcerolides hydrolysed in dairy cows?

A

In rumen by bacterial lipases

179
Q

Whats the normal lipid content of ruminants diet?

A

low 50g/kg

180
Q

PUFA

A

polyunsaturated fatty acids

181
Q

What fraction of fat in milk is derived from the uptake of FA

A

half the fat in milk

182
Q

Whats the gross energy value of carbohydrates?

A

17.5 MJ GE/kg

183
Q

Whats the gross energy value of proteins?

A

23.6 MJ GE/kg

184
Q

Whats the gross energy value of fats?

A

39.3 MJ GE/kg

185
Q

What are galactolipids a major lipid class in?

A

Forages

186
Q

The nutritional value of the grass declines in conjunction with an increase in what fibre type?

A

Lignin

187
Q

What is a Phytate?

A

A source of phosphorus found in cereal grains that is indigestible by a non-ruminant animal through the action of its own enzymes

188
Q

How would you best describe fat metabolism in the rumen?

A

Fats are broken down into glycerol and free fatty acids, any poly unsaturated fatty acids are bio-hydrogenated and glycerol is fermented to VFA’s

189
Q

Digestible energy is frequently used in the rationing of monogastric animals because of the breakdown of carbohydrates in their system produces only negligible quantities of what compound?

A

Methane

190
Q

Whats the unique function of iron in the animals body?

A

Component of haemoglobin

191
Q

What is not an important function of potassium in an animals body?

A

Component of cell membranes

192
Q

If a cow ate 9kg of hay containing a KG of dry matter and excreted 3KG dry matter in its faeces , the digestibility of the HAY dry matter (%) would be what?

A

62.5

193
Q

What is an important symptom of chlorine deficiency?

A

Alkalosis of blood

194
Q

What is the threshold inclusion level to differentiate between major and a trace element?

A

100mg/kg DM

195
Q

When considering appropriate calcium and magnesium supplements for inclusion in ruminants diets what statement is correct?

A

CAL MAG CONTAINS NO CALCIUM

196
Q

Pigs and chickens on a farm have enlargement of the thyroid gland?

A

Iodine deficiency

197
Q

A number of pigs across different growth stages have been identifies with hardening of the skin and lesions?

A

Zinc deficiency

198
Q

You go into a farm and you encounter a number of animals have removed paint, chewed wooden posts?

A

Phosphorus deficiency

199
Q

you are a pig farmer and have identified a number of cases where piglets of 6-8 weeks old present with issues standing, with a particular weakness in the hind legs?

A

Copper deficiency

200
Q

Piglets are lethargic and have pale white colour skin?

A

Iron deficiency

201
Q

List the trace elements(6)

A

-Fe
-Cu
-Co
-I
-Zn
-Se

202
Q

what is linoleic acid?

A

omega 6

203
Q

N:S ratio

A

10:1

Animal Nutrition 1 MCQ 2 (1 decks)

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