MCQ 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What is arabinose a constituent of?
A
Silage
2
Q
Which is the main storage form of carbohydrates in plants?
A
Starch
3
Q
Which is the main storage form of carbohydrates in mammals?
A
Glycogen
4
Q
What are the 3 elements that make up glucose?
A
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
5
Q
What area produces the most VFA in pigs?
A
Colon
6
Q
What is a carbohydrate?
A
A biomolecule composed entirely of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
7
Q
What nutrient is the body’s most available source of energy?
A
Carbohydrates
8
Q
What is an important symptom of chlorine deficiency?
A
Alkalosis of blood
9
Q
What is NOT an important function of potassium in the animals body?
A
Component of cell membranes
10
Q
What best describes fat metabolism in the rumen?
A
Fats are broken down into glycerol and free fatty acids, any poly-unsaturated fatty acids are bio-hydrogenated and glycerol is fermented to VFA’s
11
Q
What is the threshold inclusion level to differentiate between a major and a trace element?
A
100 mg/kg DM
12
Q
Which of the following is the most accurate measurement of the energy content of a feedstuff for ruminant animals?
A
Metabolizable energy
13
Q
What is the unique function of iron in the animals body?
A
Component of haemoglobin
14
Q
What best describes minerals?
A
Inorganic substances required in small amount for normal growth and maintenance of life
15
Q
Digestible energy content of the diet is estimated by subtracting which measurement from gross energy?
A
Faecal energy
16
Q
What material is involved in the make up of amino acids methionine, cysteine and cystine?
A
Sulpher
17
Q
What is the unique function of iron in the animals body?
A
Component of haemoglobin
18
Q
What is NOT an appropriate Magnesium supplementation strategy for suckler cows?
A
Flank painting magnesium
19
Q
Which of the following is NOT an important function of potassium in the animals body?
A
Component of cell membranes
20
Q
If a cow ate 9kg of hay containing 8kg of dry matter and excreted 3kg of dry matter in its faeces, the digestibility of the hay dry matter (%) would be?
A
62.5
21
Q
What best describes minerals?
A
Inorganic substances required in small amounts for normal growth and maintenance of life
22
Q
What best describes fat metabolism in the rumen?
A
Fats are broken down into glycerol and free fatty acids, any poly-unsaturated fatty acids are bio-hydrogenated and glycerol is fermented to VFA’s
23
Q
When considering appropriate calcium and magnesium supplements for inclusion in ruminant diets, what is correct?
A
Cal Mag contains no calcium
24
Q
What is the most accurate measurement of the energy content of a feedstuff for ruminant animals?
A
Metabolizable energy
25
Pigs result in mulberry heart disease
and liver necrosis have a deficiency in what?
Selenium deficiency
26
What's wrong with piglets that have a pale white skin colour?
Iron trace deficiency
27
How much Iodine is in calcium iodate?
63.5%
28
How much Iodine is in potassium iodide?
68.5%
29
Pigs and Chickens on the farm have an enlargement of the thyroid gland what deficiency do they have?
Iodine deficiency
30
A number of pigs on the farm have been identified with a hardening of the skin and lesions what are they deficient in?
Zinc deficiency
31
What is parakeratosis a result of?
Zinc deficiency, Parakeratosis is associated
with poor growth rate and impaired feed efficiency
32
Depressed appetite, tail biting in pigs is a deficiency symptom of?
Sodium
33
Effect of Ca:P ratio on P digestibility
Generally in the range of 1:1 to
2:1
34
A major issue with producing dairy cows, immediately following calving with symptoms including excitability, nervousness and progress to the being unable to stand. What is the deficiency?
Calcium
35
Cows at pasture during spring seem nervous with many presenting with twitching muscles and a staggering gait. What is the deficiency?
Magnesium
36
What 3 needs satisfy an adequate diet?
Fuel, Organic raw material for biosynthesis, essential nutrients
37
What activities does an animal need nutrients for?
Maintenance, Foetal growth, movement, milk/wool production, growth
38
List 6 nutrients required by an animal:
1- Amino acids
2- Energy
3- Fatty Acids
4- Minerals
5- Vitamins
6- Water
39
What is a maintenance?
It is the energy needed for vital functions, regardless of production (heart muscles need energy to contract)
40
What's the difference between food and nutrients?
Food- edible material
Nutrients- specific compounds of food, which can be utilised
41
How are CHO / protein digested in a ruminant animal?
Microbial fermentation
42
How is CHO broken down?
VFA's
43
How is protein broken down?
Microbial fermentation
44
Digestible energy is frequently used in the rationing of monogastric animals because the breakdown of carbohydrates in their system produces only negotiable quantities of which compound?
Methane
45
What is NOT a potential destination for ammonia absorbed from the rumen?
Converted to urea and recycled into the rumen via saliva
46
Which volatile fatty acid is produced in greatest abundance as a consequence of bacterial fermentation in the monogastric large intestine?
Propionic
47
What happens if swine animals have a zinc deficiency?
They get parakeratosis syndrome- associated with poor growth rate impaired feed efficiency
48
What are high levels of zinc effective in controlling?
E.coli and scours
49
What does parakeratosis in swine, chicks, calves and pigs cause?
Lesions on the skin
50
What causes deficiency in Zinc or inadequate absorption of zinc?
Excess calcium
51
What is copper essential for and what does a deficiency of it lead to?
Formation of red blood cells,
Anaemia
52
What does copper deficiency effect the absorption of?
Iron
53
Who's diet is copper always supplemented in and how much do they get?
Pigs
6-12ppm
54
What's sway back in lambs a cause of?
Copper deficiency
55
What animals are most susceptible to copper poisoning?
Outdoor sheep
56
What does an iodine deficiency lead to?
Goitre
-enlargement of the thyroid gland
57
What does goitre cause?
Reproductive failure, birth of weak/dead, hairless piglets
58
What is Iron a component of and what is iron required to help with?
-Component of haemoglobin in the blood
-Helps the blood transport oxygen from the lungs to the body
59
Iron deficiency symptoms
-Pale, white skin
-Poor appetite
-Growth lethargy
-Poor vigour
60
What animals require a lot of iron and why?
Neonatal pigs
-Grow v rapidly
61
If an iron injection causes mortality in pigs what where they most likely suffering from?
-Vit E deficiency
-Selenium Deficiency
62
What does selenium do for the body?
Protects against breakdown of cell membranes and works with Vit E
63
What can selenium deficiency of pigs result in?
Mulberry heart disease and liver necrosis
64
What's dangerous about selenium
Difference between required and toxic is so small
65
What's the
-Required range of selenium and
-Toxic range of it?
0.1-0.3ppm=required
0.7ppm=toxic
(25 times the requirement)
66
Name the 5 things selenium deficiency causes in animals?
-White muscle disease cattle
-Ill thrifting lambs, cattle, cows
-Hatchability and egg production
-Stiff lamb disease
-Liver necrosis
67
What is manganese an activator of?
Enzymes i.e.
-hydrolases
-kinases
68
List 6 manganese deficiency's ?
1- Retarded growth
2- Skeletal abnormalities
3- Slipped tendons in poultry
4- Impaired reproduction
5- Testicular reproduction
6- Defective ovulation
69
What type of animals have higher requirements of cobalt and what?
Ruminants,
Due to ineffective production of micro organisms and it being poorly absorbed from the GI
70
Name the vit that contains cobalt?
B12
71
Why is cobalt required in MO in rumen?
Synthesize B12
72
What does a cobalt deficiency look like in cattle and sheep?
-emaciation
-anaemia
-listleness
73
What is the cause of mulberry heart disease?
-Vit E deficiency
-Selenium deficiency
-High fat diet
74
What do minerals make up of inclusion rate?
2.5%
75
What happens in body if there is an excess of cations?
Alkalosis
76
If the pH of blood rises what happens?
Alkalosis
77
If the pH of the blood drops what happens?
Acidosis
78
Name the compartment for metabolic activities?
Long term storage- kidneys
79
What decreases the absorption of minerals?
Oxalate and Phytate
80
What is Oxalate?
Found in brassicas, prevents absorption of most calcium
81
What is Phytate?
A form of phosphorus in most plants, it makes it poorley available
82
What level are macro or major minerals present in the body tissues?
At concentrations of >50mg/kg (50ppm)
83
Why are chelated minerals so good?
increased metabolism of the mineral
84
Chelated- definition
Cyclic compound that forms between an organic molecule and metallic ion
85
What's so AMAZING?!?! about chelates?
They've a greater absorbability then inorganic sources
86
List Chelates (7)
-Amino acids
-Polysaccharides
-Proteinases
-Chlorophylls
-Cytochrome
-Haemoglobin
-Vit B12
87
What's the ratio of Calcium to phosphorus?
2:1
88
What's the ratio of Calcium to phosphorus for a laying hen?
13:1
89
What % of calcium and phosphorus does our bones have?
-Calcium 36%
-Phosphorus 17%
90
List 4 effects of calcium deficiencies?
1- Rickets
2- Osteomalacia
3- Milk Fever
4- Weak egg Shells
91
What is Osteoporosis?
Lesions of mature bones following the removal of much of the mineral content of the bones
92
What animals does osteoporosis often occur?
Prolific sows that mobilise minerals for high milk production
93
When does milk fever occur?
Immediately or up to 3-4 days after farrowing
94
What animals are most susceptible to milk fever?
Older sows
95
What's the treatment for milk fever?
Calcium gluconate
96
What % of phosphorus is contained in the skeletal system?
80%
97
What % of phosphorus is available for the use by pigs/chicken in cereals and oilseed meals?
20-40%
98
Who's diets is phytase majorly used in?
Pigs and poultry diets
99
What does the ratio of calcium to phosphorus need to be close to in order for phytase to work?
Close to 1:1
100
What's the max you can give a pig of restricted added salt?
0.5%
101
What amount of chloride is standard practice in swine diets?
0.3% to 0.5% in swine diet formula
102
What's a pigs chloride requirement?
0.15%
103
What does a practical diet% of potassium contain?
1 %
104
How many minerals are considered essential?
40
105
What amount is calcium required in?
small amounts- 1% of 10g/kg
(in laying hens is 3%)
106
How much Calcium is required for a lactating cow?
7.5g/kg DM
107
What is the calcium/phosphorus ratio?
1:1 to 2:1
108
What plays an important role in phosphorus metabolism?
Vit D
109
Whats phosphorus used for?
energy metabolism
110
What's the most prevalent deficiency thorough out the world and why?
Phosphorus- as forages have a poor source of it.
111
What mineral is closely associated with phosphorus and calcium?
Magnesium
112
What % of magnesium is bone?
70%
113
What does magnesium deficiency lead to in some animals?
Grass tetany also known as hypomagnesaemia tetany
114
What's grass tetany associated with?
low blood magnesium
115
What's the treatment of grass tetany?
Sub-cutaneous injection of Mg salts cues symptoms but preventative measures need to be sought
116
Whats the preventative measures of grass tetany?
Magnesium oxide in concentrate
117
Where is sodium, potassium and chlorine found in the body?
Soft tissues and body fluids
118
What can high levels of potassium interfere with?
absorption of mg
119
Where is sulphur found in the body?
in proteins
120
Whats rumen degradable N:S ratio?
14:1
121
what's the best source of sulphur for ruminants?
Sodium sulphate
122
What animals usually have iron deficiency problems?
Young animals
123
Whats the units associated with energy?
MJ/kg
124
Whats the 2 simple systems used to predict energy?
1- Energy supply from feed
2- Animal energy requirements
125
What measures gross energy?
Bomb calorimeter (MJ/kg)
126
Whats most foods gross energy content of?
18.4MJ/kg
127
Name the energy we use in Ireland
Digestible energy
128
In pigs and poultry what is the higher efficiency feed?
Starch- 100%
129
List the 3 volatile fatty acids?
1- Acetic acid
2- Propionic Acid
3- Butyric acid
130
What does non ruminant (poultry) base their energy on?
(Faeces and urine excreted together)
Metabolism energy
131
How do we calculate energy digestion?
(energy intake-energy out)/energy intake
132
list structural carbohydrates
-hemicellulose
-cellulose
133
What are proteins made up of?
organic compounds made up of amino acids
134
list the fat soluble vitamins
A
D
E
K
135
List the water soluble vitamins
B
C
136
How do you calculate the dry mater %of feeds?
100 - moisture %
137
What the moisture content of leafy succulent roughages?
80%
138
Whats the moisture content of green grass?
75%
139
What is the moisture content of Hays?
12-14%
140
Whats the moisture content of straws?
10%
141
Whats the moisture content of concentrates?
10%
142
What are AIR- DRIED feeds?
Feeds containing 10% moisture
143
What is the definition of ASH?
The residue from burning any biological material in a furnace for more than 5 hours at 550 degrees
144
How is organic matter calculated?
Ash% - dry matter
145
What is crude protein?
any compound that contains nitrogen as this is how its measured
146
How to calculate the crude protein of something?
N x 6.25 (N= nitrogen %)
147
What % of nitrogen does protein contain?
16%
148
Whats crude fibre composed of?
carbohydrates
149
Feeds with high crude fibre content tend to be what?
poorly digested and have low energy contents
150
what animals digest fibre well?
ruminents
151
Whats the cell wall composed of?
cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin
152
NDF
Natural Detergent Fibre
153
ADF
Acid detergent fibre
154
ADL
Acid detergent lignin
155
Where does energy from grass come primarily from?
Sugar and fibre content
156
Whats the ideal grass to maximise performance?
leafy grass
157
Whats the energy content of leafy fresh spring grass?
1.05 UFL/kg DM
158
NFE
Nitrogen free extractives
159
How do we measure feed digestibility%?
feed intake-faeces output/feed intake x 100
160
DOMD
digestible OM in the DM
161
whats the sacco degradibility technique?
commonly used procedure to measure protein supply to ruminants
162
What enzyme supplementation should be given to barley for poulty?
beta-glucanase
163
what enzyme supplementation should be given to pigs?
phytase
164
The use of additional fat is important in whose diet?
Monogastrics
165
What are fats made up of?
esters
166
Name the structure of a fat
triglyceride - 3 fatty acids and glycerol
167
What is different about saturated acids?
lower meltin points
168
Name 2 essential fatty acids
1- Linoleic
2- Linolenic
169
What animals have high amounts of oilseed residues?
pigs and poultry
170
What are the PUFA's grouped into families called?
Omega9
Omega6
Omega3
171
Whats a galactolipid
The lipids of grasses and clovers
172
Name a precursor of many sterols?
cholesterol
173
List 4 properties of fat
1- Hydrolysis
2- Oxidation
3- Hydrogeneration
4- Antioxidants
174
Name a naturally occurring antioxidant
Vit E
175
Name a N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid?
Omega 3 fatty acids
176
Where are fats digested in monogastric?
Small intestine, fatty acids to bile salts
177
What % of lipids do cattle have in their diet?
2-4%
178
Where are triglygcerolides hydrolysed in dairy cows?
In rumen by bacterial lipases
179
Whats the normal lipid content of ruminants diet?
low 50g/kg
180
PUFA
polyunsaturated fatty acids
181
What fraction of fat in milk is derived from the uptake of FA
half the fat in milk
182
Whats the gross energy value of carbohydrates?
17.5 MJ GE/kg
183
Whats the gross energy value of proteins?
23.6 MJ GE/kg
184
Whats the gross energy value of fats?
39.3 MJ GE/kg
185
What are galactolipids a major lipid class in?
Forages
186
The nutritional value of the grass declines in conjunction with an increase in what fibre type?
Lignin
187
What is a Phytate?
A source of phosphorus found in cereal grains that is indigestible by a non-ruminant animal through the action of its own enzymes
188
How would you best describe fat metabolism in the rumen?
Fats are broken down into glycerol and free fatty acids, any poly unsaturated fatty acids are bio-hydrogenated and glycerol is fermented to VFA's
189
Digestible energy is frequently used in the rationing of monogastric animals because of the breakdown of carbohydrates in their system produces only negligible quantities of what compound?
Methane
190
Whats the unique function of iron in the animals body?
Component of haemoglobin
191
What is not an important function of potassium in an animals body?
Component of cell membranes
192
If a cow ate 9kg of hay containing a KG of dry matter and excreted 3KG dry matter in its faeces , the digestibility of the HAY dry matter (%) would be what?
62.5
193
What is an important symptom of chlorine deficiency?
Alkalosis of blood
194
What is the threshold inclusion level to differentiate between major and a trace element?
100mg/kg DM
195
When considering appropriate calcium and magnesium supplements for inclusion in ruminants diets what statement is correct?
CAL MAG CONTAINS NO CALCIUM
196
Pigs and chickens on a farm have enlargement of the thyroid gland?
Iodine deficiency
197
A number of pigs across different growth stages have been identifies with hardening of the skin and lesions?
Zinc deficiency
198
You go into a farm and you encounter a number of animals have removed paint, chewed wooden posts?
Phosphorus deficiency
199
you are a pig farmer and have identified a number of cases where piglets of 6-8 weeks old present with issues standing, with a particular weakness in the hind legs?
Copper deficiency
200
Piglets are lethargic and have pale white colour skin?
Iron deficiency
201
List the trace elements(6)
-Fe
-Cu
-Co
-I
-Zn
-Se
202
what is linoleic acid?
omega 6
203
N:S ratio
10:1
